Chapter 31-33 Study Guides
Chapter #31 Identifications
A. Mitchell Palmer
US Attorney General who rounded up people who were not of American descent or suspected of being socialist. He eventually received many threats and even a bomb that was shipped to his house. As a result, he stopped the “Palmer Raids” and became known as the “Quaking Fighter”.
John T. Scopes
The teacher in question during the “Scopes Monkey Trials”, Scopes had taught evolutionary theory in Tennessee, where it was illegal to do so. Scientists and fundamentalists alike to see who would prevail followed this trial attentively. Eventually, Scopes was fined $100 for his actions and the fundamentalists had won the case.
Clarence Darrow
The defense attorney appointed to Scopes during his trial. He made William-Jennings Bryan look old fashioned and unintelligent when he asked Bryan about the Bible in court.
Andrew Mellon
He was the Secretary of Treasury during the Harding Administration and was one of the better cabinet members during that time. He believed in trickle-down economics, or Hamiltonian Economics, where the rich let the money trickle down to everyone else.
Frederick W. Taylor
An inventor who sought to improve things by limiting the amount of motion needed to complete and action. His idea led to the improvement of the assembly line.
Margaret Sanger
A member of the birth control movement that ran around in the 1920’s, she promoted the use of contraceptives.
H. L. Mencken
A writer who focused mostly on social affairs, criticizing democracy, marriage, the middle class, and patriotism, Mencken was an inspiration to many young writers at the time.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A literary figurehead of the 1920s, Fitzgerald wrote as a member of “The Lost Generation” of writers, or writers who wrote after the first world war. Fitzgerald wrote mostly about the extravagance of people’s lives after the First World War.
Ernest Hemingway
Another writer from “ The Lost Generation”, Hemmingway wrote about the ideals that America had during WWI. However, he became frustrated when he compared those ideals with the thing he had seen during the war.
Sinclair Lewis
An expert and satire, Lewis often wrote about the materialist middle class businessman in America. He wrote two novels named Main Street and Babbit.
Buying on Margin
A technique used by the middle class and poor to get money, the buyer would usually pay for part of the stock and when the stock price rose, he would use the money earned to pay off loan brokers he used to pay for the rest of the stock earlier.
Red Scare
A movement in the 1920’s, the Red Scare was the fear that the American people had that the communists would come and take over the United States. This fear led to businessmen put down labor unions.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
A case in which the two defendants were falsely accused of murder and on weak evidence too. The case was significant solely due to the fact that the two had been convicted based on race, not evidence.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
Restricted immigration to 3% of the people of that specific nationality present in the United States.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
Cut down from 3% to 2% and from present time to the population of 1890. This slowly froze the immigration in the United States and also angered Japan because of lack of immigration.
Volstead Act
Established that alcohol was illegal above .5% by volume.
Fundamentalism
A movement that rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and replaced it with one that was about the bible and their god. It denied any thought or fact presented by Darwin.
Modernists
People who believed that God was the good guy, and that the people were sinners and deserved to die for their sins. These people also reconciled Darwin’s theory and creationism.
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
The Red Scare was a direct result of the fear in communism. The Palmer Raids were also another such reaction. The Sacco and Vanzetti case were also of that nature because all three wanted to purge out immigrants.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK was all about putting down former slaves and blacks, but the new KKK was full of WASPs, white anglo saxon protestants. The new KKK was pro WASP and anti everything else.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
The Emergency Quota Act restricted immigration to 3% of the population of that nation already in the United States. The Immigration Act cut that down to 2% of what was present in 1890 and shut American doors to Japan, angering Japan.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
The Poles came to America because of hunger, poverty, and political asylum.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
People giving out free alcohol licenses broke the eightieenth amendment and others making their own do-it-yourself alcohol. These were because most of American business and social interactions involved drinking.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism was the movement of many gangs that grew due to prohibition. These gangs competed in order to sell liquor to those who wanted it after prohibition had passed. At the same time, these gangs also trafficked narcotics, prostitutes, and things that do with gambling.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
In schools, the older people thought that Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was not real. These people sought to make it illegal to teach the theory in schools, replacing the theory with that of creationism.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
The tax policies of Andrew Mellon improved the American Economy. Also, Henry Ford’s assembly line produced a finished car every ten seconds. Finally, things like advertisement using ploy, seduction, persuasion, and sex-appeal led to people buying more things.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
The standardization of parts and a new industrial revolution led to the mass production of automobiles in the 1920’s.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
The building of the automobile made more jobs available in the job market, service stations, gas stations, and highways were built as a result of the popularity of the automobile. The petroleum business exploded due to the gas needed to propel the cars. Delivery also became a staple for groceries and other foodstuffs.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
The early airplane had the effect of awe upon the American people. Air based dare devils caught the attention of many during their stunts. Also, the famous Charles Lindbergh caught the attention of many and became a popular source for media such as Broadway musicals.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The radio brought together the American people as a source of entertainment that all could enjoy. When the radio was something that only people who were rich could buy, many friends, family, and neighbors would gather around their houses and listen with one another.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The use of motion picture for patriotism, promotion for a certain group, or demonstrate common beliefs at the time was a great milestone for films. The film industry also ushered in the idea of censorship when films began causing public outcry against nudity.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
The changes in the lifestyles of many Americans were due to the economic surge of the 1920’s. Because the economy had boomed so much during this time, people changed from saving money to spending it extravagantly.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The art of the 1920’s changed to reflect the times because much art was extravagant and expressed the idea of profligacy. The art of the time was to show off the wealth that people had during the times. As the riches increased, so did the ornateness of the art.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The government’s economic policy was not successful because despite the fact that people were prosperous everywhere, banks were failing more and more each year in the twenties. The more people spent, the more debt increased in banks and the stock increase was very volatile, leaving room for people to lose a lot of money if the market crashed. The economic policy of the 1920’s was setting itself up for the crash and depression of the 1930’s.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury during the Harding Administration, he reduced the taxes during his time in order to reduce the debt by $10 million. At the same time, people thought that Mellon was the best Secretary of Treasury since Hamilton but others thought differently.
Herbert Hoover
The Republican president that had boasted prohibition and prosperity, Hoover was inevitably blamed for the stock market crash and the Great Depression.
Albert B. Fall
One of the worst of the cabinet members, Fall was accused of leasing oil and alcohol permits, as well as being involved in the Tea Pot Dome Scandal.
Robert LaFollette
The Progressive party candidate for the 1924 election, LaFollete was against monopolies and wanted to help farmers who had been hurt by the monopolies. He lost to Cavin Coolidge.
Alfred E. Smith
The Democratic candidate for the election of 1928, Smith was known for drinking during prohibition and thus lost the election to Hoover. He was also discriminated against for gbeing Roman Catholic.
Ohio Gang
A group of Harding’s closest friends that he played poker with, the Ohio Gang was people who were put into offices of high power and had many scandals attached to their names, causing decay of the reputation of the government.
Washington Conference
A meeting of the world’s powers to disarm one another in a fair manner. The conference resulted in the Four Power Treaty, Five Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty that disarmed one another. The conference also made the 5:5:3 ratio of navy forces between the US, Britain, and Japan respectively.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A treaty that 62 nations had signed in order to keep the peace in the world and prevent any more wars. The treaty was weak, given that it did not provide any provisions for what to do if a country had broken the treaty.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
Raised the tariff to 38.2% in order to equalize American and foreign products in price.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A scandal in which Fall got the Secretary of the Navy to give valuable goods to the Interior department. This eventually lead to Sinclair and Doheny leasing the land rich in oil through a large bribe.
Dawes Plan
An economic plan that worked like a merry-go-round. This plan made the US give money to Germany, which in turn used that money to pay off the French and British. Then, the former allies would pay off the US.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
A tariff designed to help farmers, the tariff was raised from 38.5% to 60%, making it the highest tariff in American history.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
A government lending bank that was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments.
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of veterans from WWI that had not been compensated for their actions. They set up camps in front of Washington and intimidated Congress into repaying them during the Deression. However, the plan failed.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
A doctrine that stated that the US would not recognize any territory taken by force. This was a direct response to Japan taking over Manchuria.
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Warren Harding possessed many flaws as a president. He was too trustworthy of his friends and he did not detect any corruption in his cabinet, even when it was so blatantly visible.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
The Harding Administration was pro lasses-faire capitalism so they pushed for the old McKinley style of old order and settled back into place with no interference in business matters whatsoever. This led to businesses growing again in and corruption in business growing again as well.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The war had caused many people to go to work in a wartime economy, making people work hard and with a lot to do. This led to an increase in the economy. However, after the war, there was not that many jobs left since the War Industries Board was dismantled. This led to corruption in business again.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
With the US heading the Washington Conference, they took the lead in disarming all nations that could lead to another world war. This, as well as the Kellog-Briand Pact, was what counted the US as taking the lead in disarmament.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The high tariffs caused Europe to go into an outrage, as most of the Allies had to repay their debts to the US and could only do so when they sold goods to the US. However, because the US would not have their goods, the Allies could not repay their debts and had to find another way to make money.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Harding’s cabinet was so full of scandal, such as the Tea Pot Dome scandal among other things, that he was most often compared to Grant, the president who was also very unpopular due to his corrupt cabinet.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
The nicknames do accurately describe the Coolidge presidency because Coolidge was a slow president. He only wanted to do things after looking at all the positives and negatives and was very under spoken.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The invention of the tractor and the protection from antitrust persecution had changed for the farmer since the 1890’s. At the same time, many things like the demand for crops had dwindled. The government had to implement their own act in order to get rid of surplus crops.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Coolidge easily won the election of 1924 because The Democrats were split again and the socialist party was slowly decaying as a result of the war and the fear of communism.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
The Americans did not want to cancel the war debt because it was getting hard for the US to deal with things on its own. As a result, the Americans wanted isolationism from the rest of the world so they wanted the Allies to repay their debts so that the Americans could get back to that.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
The allies forced Germany to repay most of the debts and this also caused France and Britain to gain a sort of animosity towards the US because of its insistence of repaying the war debt.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Smith was an alcoholic who broke the eighteenth amendment by drinking, he was Roman Catholic and so he wasn’t popular because people did not like roman catholics at the time, and Smith was just downright awful when it came to politics.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produced positive results because they were successful in selling crops more than ever. The farmers also had a board that they could now use when they needed to get things done.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The immediate effects were homelessness, bank crashing, and joblessness.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
Overabundance of crops, poor credit, drought in Mississippi, and an overexpansion of credit also led to the crash.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
The fact that Hoover did not want the government to interfere with economics, he poorly decided to let whatever happened, happen to the people of the US. He decided that the depression was a part of the business cycle and was normal in every country.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Hoover’s reputation is not well deserved because he eventually decided to get rid of some ideas and start building things in order to get money into the US. He tampered with things like building dams and making new projects in order to bring in money to the US.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The bonus army was disbanded due to Hoover because he did not want to have to pay them. As a result, Hoover stated that the Bonus Army was led by a bunch of Communists. This led to apathy towards him.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The League of Nations had no military power in order to keep nations from attacking one another. When Japan attacked Manchuria, the League did not have the power, or any power for that matter, to stop the attack.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?
Hoover wanted to keep good relations with Latin America so that if the US ever needed anything from them, they would be open and able to do so. He created a Good Neighbor Policy that made equal interests available to both countries.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor was the most active First Lady of the United States that anyone had evet known.
Harry Hopkins
The head of the FERA, or Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Hopkins was a great advisor to Roosevelt and was very helpful in raising the economy from the 30’s to the 40’s.
Frances Perkins
The first woman to become a member of the cabinet. Perkins was Secretary of Labor.
Father Coughlin
An anti-New Deal preacher. This man was strongly against anything that had to do with the New Deal. He held radio talk shows and his slogan was “Social Justice”.
Huey Long
Creator of the “Share our Wealth” Program, making “Every Man a King” and sending money from the rich to the poor. He was, however assassinated.
Francis Townshend
A retired physician who made a program to help senior citizens over sixty get money from the government as a pension. His math was very wrong and his plan would have never worked.
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior and Head of the PWA, or Public Works Administration, his plan to reduce waste led to the increase of jobs and money in the economic system.
Alfred M. Landon
The Republican candidate for the election of 1936, Landon lost greatly to the Democrats due to his focus on balancing the budget.
Brain Trust(s)
A small group of reform minders that acted as Roosevelt’s kitchen cabinet during Roosevelt’s presidency.
The three R's
The three R’s stand for Relief, Reform, and Recovery. They were the long and short term goals of Roosevelt’s presidency and were achieved during his time in office.
National Labor Relation Board
Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, it was created in the 1930's by Congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
This organization branched off of the AF of L. This was a radical, and later called socialist, group that fought for workers’ rights.
Liberty League
Conservatives that saw the New Deal as something that was not right for the country. They strongly believed that FDR was pushing towards socialism.
Court-packing scheme
The scheme where Roosevelt tried to add six more judges to the Supreme Court in order to make a total of 15 judges, with more of whom would support FDR. The plan failed because Congress said that it gave FDR too much power.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
FDR was suave and very calm and collected, unlike his fifth cousin Teddy Roosevelt. FDR was tall and handsome and stricken with polio, but that did not stop him from being the great president he was.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt’s campaign message was that “We (America) have nothing to fear but fear itself” meaning that America may be down on hard times, but it was ready to move forward with confidence, never looking back.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
The transition of black votes from Republican to Democrat, and the amount of loss that Hoover had against FDR.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal was a series of economic programs that would help bring the nation back up on its own two feet. The New Deal entailed many progressive era ways of thinking and was meant to get the country out of the depression.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The key aspects were to alleviate financial stress, circulate dollar bills, and inflate the value of money.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
New Deal agencies just wanted people to do meaningless jobs in order to get mone circulating into peoples’ pockets. Critics wanted the government to stop acting so socialistically and get back to work.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Townsend, John Steinbeck.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
The nineteenth amendment allowed for women to gain more political opportunities. Eleanor Roosevelt proved this by being the most active first lady in the history of the US. Also, new fields were opened in the political area allowing women to make a mark on politics.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA helped to restore industry by helping the New Dealers to combine long range recovery and short range relief. It created the right for labor unions to organize without being persecuted by antitrust legislations.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
By creating the AAA, the government helped farmers by paying them to stop farming and make the price of crops the same as what they were during 1900 -1914.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
The drought of Mississippi and the Dust Bowl caused many problems to the farmers of the plains. The increase of winds during the drought caused much dirt to be swept into the air and land on planting areas.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things in California were better because they were not affected by the Dust Bowl and thus made it easier for them to plant. As a result, many farmers went to California to start up farming again. It was the same because it was just as hard to start farming there as it was in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The New Dealers were already trying to change the mindset of the reckless spenders of the 1920’s when they first got into office.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
People were for the TVA because it was something heavily laced with socialism, as FDR had done so without asking congress for permission. However, the project would give quite a large sum of money to the nation and reduce the amount of spending on electricity in the Tennessee area.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The FHA and Social Security Acts both alleviated some of society’s least fortunate by giving money needed to help complete a new home or improve a dwelling that one was living in. Also, they gave money to people who were retired or under special conditions, ranging from $10 to $85.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Labor responded to the improvement of conditions brought on by the New Deal by taking advantage of the feeling of security they felt in the hands of the government; they held a large amount of walkouts and strikes for better conditions.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
The significance of the 1936 election was the landslide vote by which he had won by again. This meant that people liked having him around as a powerful and strong leader in the nation.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
He wanted to add more justices to the Supreme Court in order to get more judges that would actually agree to his changes, rather than stick to their old beliefs.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
The consequence of FDR’s court packing scheme was that the American public ripped him of becoming more like a dictator and less like a president. Many people began to see their basic liberties at stake with FDT as president.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
FDR was able to reduce the suffering of Americans further in his second term when compared to his first term, but he was more opposed to as a dictator during his second term.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The criticism that the New Deal was useless and had accomplished nothing was most unfair. However, the critique stating that the New Deal was the government having a try anything attitude is most fair.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
The New Deal was a halfway revolution because it was it made bold changes in the way that society functioned but it also did not cause or require a revolution by the people.
A. Mitchell Palmer
US Attorney General who rounded up people who were not of American descent or suspected of being socialist. He eventually received many threats and even a bomb that was shipped to his house. As a result, he stopped the “Palmer Raids” and became known as the “Quaking Fighter”.
John T. Scopes
The teacher in question during the “Scopes Monkey Trials”, Scopes had taught evolutionary theory in Tennessee, where it was illegal to do so. Scientists and fundamentalists alike to see who would prevail followed this trial attentively. Eventually, Scopes was fined $100 for his actions and the fundamentalists had won the case.
Clarence Darrow
The defense attorney appointed to Scopes during his trial. He made William-Jennings Bryan look old fashioned and unintelligent when he asked Bryan about the Bible in court.
Andrew Mellon
He was the Secretary of Treasury during the Harding Administration and was one of the better cabinet members during that time. He believed in trickle-down economics, or Hamiltonian Economics, where the rich let the money trickle down to everyone else.
Frederick W. Taylor
An inventor who sought to improve things by limiting the amount of motion needed to complete and action. His idea led to the improvement of the assembly line.
Margaret Sanger
A member of the birth control movement that ran around in the 1920’s, she promoted the use of contraceptives.
H. L. Mencken
A writer who focused mostly on social affairs, criticizing democracy, marriage, the middle class, and patriotism, Mencken was an inspiration to many young writers at the time.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
A literary figurehead of the 1920s, Fitzgerald wrote as a member of “The Lost Generation” of writers, or writers who wrote after the first world war. Fitzgerald wrote mostly about the extravagance of people’s lives after the First World War.
Ernest Hemingway
Another writer from “ The Lost Generation”, Hemmingway wrote about the ideals that America had during WWI. However, he became frustrated when he compared those ideals with the thing he had seen during the war.
Sinclair Lewis
An expert and satire, Lewis often wrote about the materialist middle class businessman in America. He wrote two novels named Main Street and Babbit.
Buying on Margin
A technique used by the middle class and poor to get money, the buyer would usually pay for part of the stock and when the stock price rose, he would use the money earned to pay off loan brokers he used to pay for the rest of the stock earlier.
Red Scare
A movement in the 1920’s, the Red Scare was the fear that the American people had that the communists would come and take over the United States. This fear led to businessmen put down labor unions.
Sacco and Vanzetti Case
A case in which the two defendants were falsely accused of murder and on weak evidence too. The case was significant solely due to the fact that the two had been convicted based on race, not evidence.
Emergency Quota Act 1921
Restricted immigration to 3% of the people of that specific nationality present in the United States.
Immigration Quota Act 1924
Cut down from 3% to 2% and from present time to the population of 1890. This slowly froze the immigration in the United States and also angered Japan because of lack of immigration.
Volstead Act
Established that alcohol was illegal above .5% by volume.
Fundamentalism
A movement that rejected Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and replaced it with one that was about the bible and their god. It denied any thought or fact presented by Darwin.
Modernists
People who believed that God was the good guy, and that the people were sinners and deserved to die for their sins. These people also reconciled Darwin’s theory and creationism.
Chapter #31 Guided Reading Questions
Seeing Red
Know: Billy Sunday, Red Scare, A. Mitchell Palmer, Sacco and Vanzetti
1. Cite examples of actions taken in reaction to the perceived threat of radicals and communists during the red scare.
The Red Scare was a direct result of the fear in communism. The Palmer Raids were also another such reaction. The Sacco and Vanzetti case were also of that nature because all three wanted to purge out immigrants.
Hooded Hoodlums of the KKK
2. Compare and contrast the new and old Ku Klux Klansmen.
The old KKK was all about putting down former slaves and blacks, but the new KKK was full of WASPs, white anglo saxon protestants. The new KKK was pro WASP and anti everything else.
Stemming the Foreign Flood
Know: Emergency Quota Act, Immigration Act
3. Describe the immigration laws passed in the 1920's.
The Emergency Quota Act restricted immigration to 3% of the population of that nation already in the United States. The Immigration Act cut that down to 2% of what was present in 1890 and shut American doors to Japan, angering Japan.
Makers of America: The Poles
Know: Prussian Poles, Russian Poles, Austrian Poles, American Warsaw
4. What factors led Poles to America?
The Poles came to America because of hunger, poverty, and political asylum.
The Prohibition "Experiment"
Know: Eighteenth Amendment, Volstead Act, Wet and Dry, Speakeasies, Home Brew, Bathtub Gin, Noble Experiment
5. How and why was the eighteenth amendment broken so frequently?
People giving out free alcohol licenses broke the eightieenth amendment and others making their own do-it-yourself alcohol. These were because most of American business and social interactions involved drinking.
The Golden Age of Gangsterism
Know: Al Capone, St. Valentine's Day Massacre, Lindbergh Law
6. What was Gangsterism?
Gangsterism was the movement of many gangs that grew due to prohibition. These gangs competed in order to sell liquor to those who wanted it after prohibition had passed. At the same time, these gangs also trafficked narcotics, prostitutes, and things that do with gambling.
Monkey Business in Tennessee
Know: John Dewey, John T. Scopes, William Jennings Bryan, Clarence Darrow
7. Describe the clash of cultures that took place in schools in the 1920's.
In schools, the older people thought that Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution was not real. These people sought to make it illegal to teach the theory in schools, replacing the theory with that of creationism.
The Mass-Consumption Economy
Know: Andrew Mellon, The Man Nobody Knows, Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey
8. Give evidence to prove that America became a mass-consumption economy in the 20's.
The tax policies of Andrew Mellon improved the American Economy. Also, Henry Ford’s assembly line produced a finished car every ten seconds. Finally, things like advertisement using ploy, seduction, persuasion, and sex-appeal led to people buying more things.
Putting America on Rubber Tires
Know: Henry Ford, Frederick W. Taylor, Model T
9. What methods made it possible to mass-produce automobiles?
The standardization of parts and a new industrial revolution led to the mass production of automobiles in the 1920’s.
The Advent of the Gasoline Age
10. What were the effects of the widespread adoption of the automobile?
The building of the automobile made more jobs available in the job market, service stations, gas stations, and highways were built as a result of the popularity of the automobile. The petroleum business exploded due to the gas needed to propel the cars. Delivery also became a staple for groceries and other foodstuffs.
Humans Develop Wings
Know: Orville and Wilbur Wright, Charles Lindbergh
11. What effects did the early airplane have on America?
The early airplane had the effect of awe upon the American people. Air based dare devils caught the attention of many during their stunts. Also, the famous Charles Lindbergh caught the attention of many and became a popular source for media such as Broadway musicals.
The Radio Revolution
12. How did America change as the result of the radio?
The radio brought together the American people as a source of entertainment that all could enjoy. When the radio was something that only people who were rich could buy, many friends, family, and neighbors would gather around their houses and listen with one another.
Hollywood's Filmland Fantasies
Know: The Great Train Robbery, The Birth of a Nation, The Jazz Singer
13. What were some milestones in the history of motion pictures?
The use of motion picture for patriotism, promotion for a certain group, or demonstrate common beliefs at the time was a great milestone for films. The film industry also ushered in the idea of censorship when films began causing public outcry against nudity.
The Dynamic Decade
Know: Margaret Sanger, Flappers, Sigmund Freud, Jelly Roll Morton, Langston Hughes, Marcus Garvey
14. "Far-reaching changes in lifestyles and values paralleled the dramatic upsurge in the economy." Explain.
The changes in the lifestyles of many Americans were due to the economic surge of the 1920’s. Because the economy had boomed so much during this time, people changed from saving money to spending it extravagantly.
Cultural Liberation
Know: H. L. Mencken, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, Sinclair Lewis, William Faulkner, Ezra Pound, T. S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Eugene O'Neill, Louis Armstrong, Frank Lloyd Wright
15. How did the arts of the 1920's reflect the times?
The art of the 1920’s changed to reflect the times because much art was extravagant and expressed the idea of profligacy. The art of the time was to show off the wealth that people had during the times. As the riches increased, so did the ornateness of the art.
Wall Street's Big Bull Market
Know: Margin, Andrew Mellon
16. Was government economic policy successful in the 20's?
The government’s economic policy was not successful because despite the fact that people were prosperous everywhere, banks were failing more and more each year in the twenties. The more people spent, the more debt increased in banks and the stock increase was very volatile, leaving room for people to lose a lot of money if the market crashed. The economic policy of the 1920’s was setting itself up for the crash and depression of the 1930’s.
Chapter #32: IDENTIFICATIONS Andrew Mellon
Secretary of Treasury during the Harding Administration, he reduced the taxes during his time in order to reduce the debt by $10 million. At the same time, people thought that Mellon was the best Secretary of Treasury since Hamilton but others thought differently.
Herbert Hoover
The Republican president that had boasted prohibition and prosperity, Hoover was inevitably blamed for the stock market crash and the Great Depression.
Albert B. Fall
One of the worst of the cabinet members, Fall was accused of leasing oil and alcohol permits, as well as being involved in the Tea Pot Dome Scandal.
Robert LaFollette
The Progressive party candidate for the 1924 election, LaFollete was against monopolies and wanted to help farmers who had been hurt by the monopolies. He lost to Cavin Coolidge.
Alfred E. Smith
The Democratic candidate for the election of 1928, Smith was known for drinking during prohibition and thus lost the election to Hoover. He was also discriminated against for gbeing Roman Catholic.
Ohio Gang
A group of Harding’s closest friends that he played poker with, the Ohio Gang was people who were put into offices of high power and had many scandals attached to their names, causing decay of the reputation of the government.
Washington Conference
A meeting of the world’s powers to disarm one another in a fair manner. The conference resulted in the Four Power Treaty, Five Power Treaty, and Nine Power Treaty that disarmed one another. The conference also made the 5:5:3 ratio of navy forces between the US, Britain, and Japan respectively.
Kellogg-Briand Pact
A treaty that 62 nations had signed in order to keep the peace in the world and prevent any more wars. The treaty was weak, given that it did not provide any provisions for what to do if a country had broken the treaty.
Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
Raised the tariff to 38.2% in order to equalize American and foreign products in price.
Teapot Dome Scandal
A scandal in which Fall got the Secretary of the Navy to give valuable goods to the Interior department. This eventually lead to Sinclair and Doheny leasing the land rich in oil through a large bribe.
Dawes Plan
An economic plan that worked like a merry-go-round. This plan made the US give money to Germany, which in turn used that money to pay off the French and British. Then, the former allies would pay off the US.
Hawley-Smoot Tariff
A tariff designed to help farmers, the tariff was raised from 38.5% to 60%, making it the highest tariff in American history.
Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)
A government lending bank that was designed to provide indirect assistance to insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and even hard-pressed state and local governments.
Bonus Army
The Bonus Army was a group of veterans from WWI that had not been compensated for their actions. They set up camps in front of Washington and intimidated Congress into repaying them during the Deression. However, the plan failed.
Hoover-Stimson doctrine
A doctrine that stated that the US would not recognize any territory taken by force. This was a direct response to Japan taking over Manchuria.
Chapter #32 Identifications
The Republican "Old Guard" Returns
Know: Warren Harding, Ohio Gang
1. What flaws did Warren Harding possess?
Warren Harding possessed many flaws as a president. He was too trustworthy of his friends and he did not detect any corruption in his cabinet, even when it was so blatantly visible.
GOP Reaction at the Throttle
2. What pro-business policies were taken by the government during the Harding administration.
The Harding Administration was pro lasses-faire capitalism so they pushed for the old McKinley style of old order and settled back into place with no interference in business matters whatsoever. This led to businesses growing again in and corruption in business growing again as well.
The Aftermath of War
Know: Railway Labor Board, American Legion, Adjusted Compensation Act
3. What effects did the war have on the post-war economy?
The war had caused many people to go to work in a wartime economy, making people work hard and with a lot to do. This led to an increase in the economy. However, after the war, there was not that many jobs left since the War Industries Board was dismantled. This led to corruption in business again.
America Seeks Benefits Without Burdens
Know: Unofficial Observers, Charles Evans Hughes, Five-Power Naval Treaty, Four-Power Treaty, Nine-Power Treaty, Kellogg-Briand Pact
4. How did the U.S. take the lead in disarmament in the 20's?
With the US heading the Washington Conference, they took the lead in disarming all nations that could lead to another world war. This, as well as the Kellog-Briand Pact, was what counted the US as taking the lead in disarmament.
Hiking the Tariff Higher
Know: Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law
5. What effects were produced by high American tariffs?
The high tariffs caused Europe to go into an outrage, as most of the Allies had to repay their debts to the US and could only do so when they sold goods to the US. However, because the US would not have their goods, the Allies could not repay their debts and had to find another way to make money.
The Stench of Scandal
Know: Charles R. Forbes, Albert B. Fall, Teapot Dome, Harry M. Daugherty
6. "Such was his [Harding's] weakness that he tolerated people and conditions that subjected the Republic to its worst disgrace since the days of President Grant." Explain
Harding’s cabinet was so full of scandal, such as the Tea Pot Dome scandal among other things, that he was most often compared to Grant, the president who was also very unpopular due to his corrupt cabinet.
“Silent Cal” Coolidge
Know: Calvin Coolidge
7. Do the nicknames, "Silent Cal" and "Cautious Cal" accurately describe the Coolidge presidency?
The nicknames do accurately describe the Coolidge presidency because Coolidge was a slow president. He only wanted to do things after looking at all the positives and negatives and was very under spoken.
Frustrated Farmers
Know: McNary-Haugen Bill
8. What had changed for the farmer since 1890? What had remained the same?
The invention of the tractor and the protection from antitrust persecution had changed for the farmer since the 1890’s. At the same time, many things like the demand for crops had dwindled. The government had to implement their own act in order to get rid of surplus crops.
A Three-Way Race for the White House in 1924
Know: Robert La Follette
9. Why did Calvin Coolidge easily win the 1924 election?
Coolidge easily won the election of 1924 because The Democrats were split again and the socialist party was slowly decaying as a result of the war and the fear of communism.
Foreign-Policy Flounderings
10. What are the arguments for America canceling the WWI debt of European countries?
The Americans did not want to cancel the war debt because it was getting hard for the US to deal with things on its own. As a result, the Americans wanted isolationism from the rest of the world so they wanted the Allies to repay their debts so that the Americans could get back to that.
Unraveling the Debt Knot
Know: Dawes Plan
11. What were the world-wide repercussions of America’s insistence on debt repayment?
The allies forced Germany to repay most of the debts and this also caused France and Britain to gain a sort of animosity towards the US because of its insistence of repaying the war debt.
The Triumph of Herbert Hoover, 1928
Know: Al Smith, "Rum, Romanism, and Ruin"
12. Why was Herbert Hoover so much more popular with voters than Al Smith?
Smith was an alcoholic who broke the eighteenth amendment by drinking, he was Roman Catholic and so he wasn’t popular because people did not like roman catholics at the time, and Smith was just downright awful when it came to politics.
President Hoover's First Moves
Know: Farm Board, Hawley-Smoot Tariff
13. Did Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produce positive results? Explain.
Hoover’s attempts to help farmers produced positive results because they were successful in selling crops more than ever. The farmers also had a board that they could now use when they needed to get things done.
The Great Crash Ends the Golden Twenties
Know: Black Tuesday, "Brother Can You Spare a Dime?"
14. What were the immediate effects of the stock market crash?
The immediate effects were homelessness, bank crashing, and joblessness.
Hooked on the Horn of Plenty
Know: Hoover Blankets, Hoovervilles
15. What causes contributed to the Great Depression?
Overabundance of crops, poor credit, drought in Mississippi, and an overexpansion of credit also led to the crash.
Rugged Times for Rugged Individualists
Know: Rugged Individualism, The Great Humanitarian
16. How did President Hoover’s beliefs affect the way he handled the Depression?
The fact that Hoover did not want the government to interfere with economics, he poorly decided to let whatever happened, happen to the people of the US. He decided that the depression was a part of the business cycle and was normal in every country.
Hoover Battles the Great Depression
Know: Muscle Shoals Bill, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Pump-Priming, Yellow Dog Contracts
17. Is Hoover’s reputation as ultra-conservative well deserved? Explain.
Hoover’s reputation is not well deserved because he eventually decided to get rid of some ideas and start building things in order to get money into the US. He tampered with things like building dams and making new projects in order to bring in money to the US.
Routing the Bonus Army in Washington
Know: Bonus Expeditionary Force, Douglas MacArthur
18. What happened to the Bonus Army? Why?
The bonus army was disbanded due to Hoover because he did not want to have to pay them. As a result, Hoover stated that the Bonus Army was led by a bunch of Communists. This led to apathy towards him.
Japanese Militarists Attack China
Know: Manchuria, Stimson Doctrine
19. How did the Japanese attack on Manchuria demonstrate the weakness of the League of Nations?
The League of Nations had no military power in order to keep nations from attacking one another. When Japan attacked Manchuria, the League did not have the power, or any power for that matter, to stop the attack.
Hoover Pioneers the Good Neighbor Policy
20. What was President Hoover’s policy toward Latin America?
Hoover wanted to keep good relations with Latin America so that if the US ever needed anything from them, they would be open and able to do so. He created a Good Neighbor Policy that made equal interests available to both countries.
Chapter #33: Identifications
Eleanor Roosevelt
The wife of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Eleanor was the most active First Lady of the United States that anyone had evet known.
Harry Hopkins
The head of the FERA, or Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Hopkins was a great advisor to Roosevelt and was very helpful in raising the economy from the 30’s to the 40’s.
Frances Perkins
The first woman to become a member of the cabinet. Perkins was Secretary of Labor.
Father Coughlin
An anti-New Deal preacher. This man was strongly against anything that had to do with the New Deal. He held radio talk shows and his slogan was “Social Justice”.
Huey Long
Creator of the “Share our Wealth” Program, making “Every Man a King” and sending money from the rich to the poor. He was, however assassinated.
Francis Townshend
A retired physician who made a program to help senior citizens over sixty get money from the government as a pension. His math was very wrong and his plan would have never worked.
Harold Ickes
Secretary of the Interior and Head of the PWA, or Public Works Administration, his plan to reduce waste led to the increase of jobs and money in the economic system.
Alfred M. Landon
The Republican candidate for the election of 1936, Landon lost greatly to the Democrats due to his focus on balancing the budget.
Brain Trust(s)
A small group of reform minders that acted as Roosevelt’s kitchen cabinet during Roosevelt’s presidency.
The three R's
The three R’s stand for Relief, Reform, and Recovery. They were the long and short term goals of Roosevelt’s presidency and were achieved during his time in office.
National Labor Relation Board
Created by the National Labor Relations Act, also known as the Wagner Act, it was created in the 1930's by Congressman Wagner who was sympathetic to labor unions. The National Labor Relation Board was an administrative board that gave laborers the rights of self-organization and collective bargaining.
Congress of Industrial Organizations
This organization branched off of the AF of L. This was a radical, and later called socialist, group that fought for workers’ rights.
Liberty League
Conservatives that saw the New Deal as something that was not right for the country. They strongly believed that FDR was pushing towards socialism.
Court-packing scheme
The scheme where Roosevelt tried to add six more judges to the Supreme Court in order to make a total of 15 judges, with more of whom would support FDR. The plan failed because Congress said that it gave FDR too much power.
Chapter #33 Guided Reading Questions
FDR: A Politician in a Wheelchair
Know: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Eleanor Roosevelt
1 What kind of man was FDR?
FDR was suave and very calm and collected, unlike his fifth cousin Teddy Roosevelt. FDR was tall and handsome and stricken with polio, but that did not stop him from being the great president he was.
Presidential Hopefuls of 1932
2. What was Roosevelt's campaign message in the 1932 election?
Roosevelt’s campaign message was that “We (America) have nothing to fear but fear itself” meaning that America may be down on hard times, but it was ready to move forward with confidence, never looking back.
The Humiliation of Hoover in 1932
3. What were the immediate results of Roosevelt's victory?
The transition of black votes from Republican to Democrat, and the amount of loss that Hoover had against FDR.
FDR and the Three R's: Relief, Recovery, Reform
Know: New Deal, Banking Holiday, Hundred Days, Three R's,
4. Describe the New Deal.
The New Deal was a series of economic programs that would help bring the nation back up on its own two feet. The New Deal entailed many progressive era ways of thinking and was meant to get the country out of the depression.
Roosevelt Manages the Money
Know: Fireside Chats, Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Managed Currency
5. What were the key aspects of FDR's monetary policy?
The key aspects were to alleviate financial stress, circulate dollar bills, and inflate the value of money.
Creating Jobs for the Jobless
Know: Pump Priming, CCC, FERA, Harry Hopkins, AAA, HOLC, CWA
6. Explain the difference between New Deal agencies and what radical critics wanted the government to do.
New Deal agencies just wanted people to do meaningless jobs in order to get mone circulating into peoples’ pockets. Critics wanted the government to stop acting so socialistically and get back to work.
A Day for Every Demagogue
Know: Father Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Dr. Francis E. Townsend, WPA
7. List other historical demagogues.
Charles Coughlin, Huey Long, Townsend, John Steinbeck.
New Visibility for Women
Know: Frances Perkins, Mary McLeod Bethune, Ruth Benedict, Margaret Mead, Pearl Buck
8. Explain the factors that made it possible for these women to gain fame.
The nineteenth amendment allowed for women to gain more political opportunities. Eleanor Roosevelt proved this by being the most active first lady in the history of the US. Also, new fields were opened in the political area allowing women to make a mark on politics.
Helping Industry and Labor
Know: NRA, Sick Chicken Decision, PWA, Harold Ickes
9. How did the NRA attempt to restore industry?
The NRA helped to restore industry by helping the New Dealers to combine long range recovery and short range relief. It created the right for labor unions to organize without being persecuted by antitrust legislations.
Paying Farmers Not to Farm
10. How did the federal government attempt to help farmers?
By creating the AAA, the government helped farmers by paying them to stop farming and make the price of crops the same as what they were during 1900 -1914.
Dust Bowls and Black Blizzards
Know: Dust Bowl, Okies and Arkies, The Grapes of Wrath, Indian Reorganization Act
11. How did nature cause problems for some farmers on the plains?
The drought of Mississippi and the Dust Bowl caused many problems to the farmers of the plains. The increase of winds during the drought caused much dirt to be swept into the air and land on planting areas.
Makers of America: The Dust Bowl Migrants
Know: San Joaquin Valley, Farm Security Administration, Okievilles
12. In what ways were things better in California? In what ways were they the same?
Things in California were better because they were not affected by the Dust Bowl and thus made it easier for them to plant. As a result, many farmers went to California to start up farming again. It was the same because it was just as hard to start farming there as it was in Arkansas and Oklahoma.
Battling Bankers and Big Business
Know: Federal Securities Act, SEC
13. "Reformist New Dealers were determined from the outset to curb the `money changers....'" Explain.
The New Dealers were already trying to change the mindset of the reckless spenders of the 1920’s when they first got into office.
The TVA Harnesses the Tennessee River
Know: TVA, Creeping Socialism
14. What arguments were used for and against the TVA project?
People were for the TVA because it was something heavily laced with socialism, as FDR had done so without asking congress for permission. However, the project would give quite a large sum of money to the nation and reduce the amount of spending on electricity in the Tennessee area.
Housing Reform and Social Security
Know: FHA, Social Security
15. How did the FHA and Social Security attempt to help some of society's least fortunate?
The FHA and Social Security Acts both alleviated some of society’s least fortunate by giving money needed to help complete a new home or improve a dwelling that one was living in. Also, they gave money to people who were retired or under special conditions, ranging from $10 to $85.
A New Deal for Labor
Know: Wagner Act, National Labor Relations Board, CIO, John L. Lewis, Sit-down Strike
16. How did labor respond to the improvement of conditions brought about by the New Deal?
Labor responded to the improvement of conditions brought on by the New Deal by taking advantage of the feeling of security they felt in the hands of the government; they held a large amount of walkouts and strikes for better conditions.
Landon Challenges "the Champ”
Know: Alfred Landon, American Liberty League
17. What was the significance of the 1936 election?
The significance of the 1936 election was the landslide vote by which he had won by again. This meant that people liked having him around as a powerful and strong leader in the nation.
Nine Old Men on the Supreme Bench
18. Why did Roosevelt ask Congress for a bill that would allow him to add justices to the Supreme Court?
He wanted to add more justices to the Supreme Court in order to get more judges that would actually agree to his changes, rather than stick to their old beliefs.
The Court Changes Course
Know: Court Packing, Hugo Black
19. What were the consequences of FDR's attempt to pack the Court?
The consequence of FDR’s court packing scheme was that the American public ripped him of becoming more like a dictator and less like a president. Many people began to see their basic liberties at stake with FDT as president.
The Twilight of the New Deal
Know: Roosevelt Recession, John Maynard Keynes, Hatch Act
20. Assess the successfulness of FDR in his second term.
FDR was able to reduce the suffering of Americans further in his second term when compared to his first term, but he was more opposed to as a dictator during his second term.
New Deal or Raw Deal?
21. What criticism of the New Deal seems most fair to you? Least fair?
The criticism that the New Deal was useless and had accomplished nothing was most unfair. However, the critique stating that the New Deal was the government having a try anything attitude is most fair.
Varying Viewpoints: How Radical Was the New Deal
Know: Arthur Schlesinger Jr., Carl Degler, Constraints School of Historians, New Deal Coalition
22. What did William Leuechtenburg mean when he called the New Deal a "half-way revolution?" (Your answer should focus more on the information before this term than on the information after it.)
The New Deal was a halfway revolution because it was it made bold changes in the way that society functioned but it also did not cause or require a revolution by the people.