Chapter 13 Study Guide
Chapter #13:
The Rise of a Mass Democracy
–
Big Picture Themes
1. Andrew Jackson felt he’d been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the people’s sake, and did so.
2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (Import tax) and whether the south had the right nullify it. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery.
3. Jackson distrusted banks
—
He thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos.
4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that it’s known as today.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American System
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. This created tariff to protect and promote American industry; national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture."
Corrupt Bargain
In the1824 election, no outright majority was attained and the process required resolution in the House of Representatives, whose Speaker and candidate in his own right, Henry Clay gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State.
Tariff of Abominations
The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by Congress May 19, 1828, which was designed to protect the industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.
Nullification
Nullification, in the United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
Force Bill
The Force Bill was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs.
Five Civilized Tribes
The Five Civilized Tribes was a unification of the five Native American nations — the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and the Seminole — that were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle was an American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States.
Democrats vs. Whigs
The democrats were the party led by Andrew Jackson and a branch of the Democratic Republican party and the Whigs were a group of anti-Jacksonians.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States (1837 –1841). Before his presidency, he was the Vice President and the tenth Secretary of State, both under Andrew Jackson.
Specie Circular
The Specie Circular was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold.
Hayne-Webster Debate
The Webster
–
Hayne debate was a famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place during January 19-27, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs.
The Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo was pivotal events in the Texas Revolution. All of the Texan defenders were killed. Santa Anna's perceived cruelty during the battle inspired many Texans, both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States, to join the Texan Army.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824
Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
John Quincy Adam’s victory was not a complete victory because he did not win the majority of the electoral vote and only won after Henry Clay threw his support behind Adams.
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
Know: John Quincy Adams2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. No he was not suited to be president because he started with a corrupt bargain, was irritable, sarcastic and tactless, he was also he went against most of American people’s views and was a very unpopular president.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. The tone and tactics used in the 1828 election was very vulgar. The presidents did not run by ability or skill but rather discrediting the other through mudslinging‖.
“Old Hickory” as President
Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?
Jackson was a man of the people since he was born a poor man who was orphaned at a young age and worked his way up to success. He was a farmer unlike the previous presidents and did not have a college education.
The Spoils System
Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office5.
Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.
Andrew Jackson’s use of the Spoils System was valid since he would have no opposition in the presidency and wanted to show that any person, even a commoner can have an official position in the government.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?
Jackson needed support from the rich so he put in a tariff that he expected to fail. However the tariff passed so it brought problems.
"Nullies" in South Carolina
Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill5.
Describe the nullification crisis.
The nullification crisis was when South Carolina threatened to secede from the union because they did not want to follow the tariff of abominations.
The Trail of Tears
Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee was that they had multiple treaties confirming their rights from the US and even tried to absorb white civilization. Then the Americans broke all treaties and forced them off their land.
The Bank War
Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle9.
Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, ―Czar Nicholas I?‖
Explain.
Yes his nickname ―Czar Nicholas I‖ is valid since he held immense power and even some unconstitutional power. Plus, profit came before public service.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
Know: Anti-Masonic Party10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?The unique thing about the election of 1832 was that a third political party, the Anti-Masonic Party, entered the Election.
Burying Biddle’s Bank
Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular."
Assess.
When Andrew Jackson killed the BUS, there was no dominant currency that was supported by a good bank, so the paper money printed by the “wildcat banks” were worthless and Specie Circular was the only way to get money.
The Birth of the Whigs
Know: Democrats, Whigs12.
What is so alluring about being associated with ―the common man?‖
Being associated with the common man drew support from the masses and would win the popular vote, which may sway the electoral vote.
The Election of 1836
Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.The Whigs had a hard time getting themselves together and struggled to find a proper candidate for presidential office.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician"
Know: Martin Van Buren14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
There was a myth that of mediocrity about him and he inherited Jackson’s position
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?
The Panic of 1837 was caused by over speculation, failures in foreign banks, the Bank War, and Specie Circular.
Gone to Texas
Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was so appealing because there was plenty of land and the Texans did not enjoy the rule of the Mexicans. Plus, a large number of settlers in Texas were Americans.
The Lone Star Rebellion
Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, SanJacinto17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? They had a rebellion against the Mexicans and the Americans did not actively support Texas in the war so Texas was declared an independent republic.
Makers of America: Mexican or Texan?
Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? The Texans did not intend to become Mexican citizens and feigned to gain land. This is because they did not follow the Mexican rules and regulation.
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at thattime? This election tells us that politics and voters in America did not care about ability but by likability of character and propaganda.
The Two-Party System
20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into government. The Whigs trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community.
The Rise of a Mass Democracy
–
Big Picture Themes
1. Andrew Jackson felt he’d been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the people’s sake, and did so.
2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (Import tax) and whether the south had the right nullify it. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery.
3. Jackson distrusted banks
—
He thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos.
4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that it’s known as today.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
American System
The American System was an economic plan that played a prominent role in American policy during the first half of the 19th century. This created tariff to protect and promote American industry; national bank to foster commerce; and federal subsidies for roads, canals, and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture."
Corrupt Bargain
In the1824 election, no outright majority was attained and the process required resolution in the House of Representatives, whose Speaker and candidate in his own right, Henry Clay gave his support to John Quincy Adams, and was then selected to be his Secretary of State.
Tariff of Abominations
The Tariff of 1828 was a protective tariff passed by Congress May 19, 1828, which was designed to protect the industry in the northern United States. It was labeled the Tariff of Abominations by its southern detractors because of the effects it had on the antebellum Southern economy.
Nullification
Nullification, in the United States constitutional history, is a legal theory that a state has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
Force Bill
The Force Bill was initially enacted on March 2, 1833 to authorize U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce Federal tariffs.
Five Civilized Tribes
The Five Civilized Tribes was a unification of the five Native American nations — the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and the Seminole — that were considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers during the colonial and early federal period because they adopted many of the colonists' customs and had generally good relations with their neighbors.
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears is a name given to the forced relocation and movement of Native American nations from southeastern parts of the United States following the Indian Removal Act of 1830.
Nicholas Biddle
Nicholas Biddle was an American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States.
Democrats vs. Whigs
The democrats were the party led by Andrew Jackson and a branch of the Democratic Republican party and the Whigs were a group of anti-Jacksonians.
South Carolina Exposition and Protest
The document was a protest against the Tariff of 1828, also known as the Tariff of Abominations. The document stated that if the tariff was not repealed, South Carolina would secede. It stated also Calhoun's Doctrine of nullification, i.e., the idea that a state has the right to reject federal law, first introduced by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in their Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions.
Martin Van Buren
Martin Van Buren was the eighth President of the United States (1837 –1841). Before his presidency, he was the Vice President and the tenth Secretary of State, both under Andrew Jackson.
Specie Circular
The Specie Circular was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by succeeding President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government land to be in gold.
Hayne-Webster Debate
The Webster
–
Hayne debate was a famous debate in the United States between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place during January 19-27, 1830 on the topic of protectionist tariffs.
The Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo was pivotal events in the Texas Revolution. All of the Texan defenders were killed. Santa Anna's perceived cruelty during the battle inspired many Texans, both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States, to join the Texan Army.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
The "Corrupt Bargain” or 1824
Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, and John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824?
John Quincy Adam’s victory was not a complete victory because he did not win the majority of the electoral vote and only won after Henry Clay threw his support behind Adams.
A Yankee Misfit in the White House
Know: John Quincy Adams2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. No he was not suited to be president because he started with a corrupt bargain, was irritable, sarcastic and tactless, he was also he went against most of American people’s views and was a very unpopular president.
Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828
Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. The tone and tactics used in the 1828 election was very vulgar. The presidents did not run by ability or skill but rather discrediting the other through mudslinging‖.
“Old Hickory” as President
Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people?
Jackson was a man of the people since he was born a poor man who was orphaned at a young age and worked his way up to success. He was a farmer unlike the previous presidents and did not have a college education.
The Spoils System
Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office5.
Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System.
Andrew Jackson’s use of the Spoils System was valid since he would have no opposition in the presidency and wanted to show that any person, even a commoner can have an official position in the government.
The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations?
Jackson needed support from the rich so he put in a tariff that he expected to fail. However the tariff passed so it brought problems.
"Nullies" in South Carolina
Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill5.
Describe the nullification crisis.
The nullification crisis was when South Carolina threatened to secede from the union because they did not want to follow the tariff of abominations.
The Trail of Tears
Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee was that they had multiple treaties confirming their rights from the US and even tried to absorb white civilization. Then the Americans broke all treaties and forced them off their land.
The Bank War
Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle9.
Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddle’s nickname, ―Czar Nicholas I?‖
Explain.
Yes his nickname ―Czar Nicholas I‖ is valid since he held immense power and even some unconstitutional power. Plus, profit came before public service.
"Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832
Know: Anti-Masonic Party10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832?The unique thing about the election of 1832 was that a third political party, the Anti-Masonic Party, entered the Election.
Burying Biddle’s Bank
Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular."
Assess.
When Andrew Jackson killed the BUS, there was no dominant currency that was supported by a good bank, so the paper money printed by the “wildcat banks” were worthless and Specie Circular was the only way to get money.
The Birth of the Whigs
Know: Democrats, Whigs12.
What is so alluring about being associated with ―the common man?‖
Being associated with the common man drew support from the masses and would win the popular vote, which may sway the electoral vote.
The Election of 1836
Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836.The Whigs had a hard time getting themselves together and struggled to find a proper candidate for presidential office.
Big Woes for the "Little Magician"
Know: Martin Van Buren14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular?
There was a myth that of mediocrity about him and he inherited Jackson’s position
Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it?
The Panic of 1837 was caused by over speculation, failures in foreign banks, the Bank War, and Specie Circular.
Gone to Texas
Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was so appealing because there was plenty of land and the Texans did not enjoy the rule of the Mexicans. Plus, a large number of settlers in Texas were Americans.
The Lone Star Rebellion
Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, SanJacinto17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? They had a rebellion against the Mexicans and the Americans did not actively support Texas in the war so Texas was declared an independent republic.
Makers of America: Mexican or Texan?
Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? The Texans did not intend to become Mexican citizens and feigned to gain land. This is because they did not follow the Mexican rules and regulation.
The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too"19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at thattime? This election tells us that politics and voters in America did not care about ability but by likability of character and propaganda.
The Two-Party System
20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? The Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into government. The Whigs trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community.