Chapters 20-22 Study Guide
Chapter #20: Girding for War: The North and the South – Big Picture Themes 1. After Ft. Sumter started the war, keeping the border states were Abe’s top concern. These were slave states that hadn’t left the nation. Throughout the war, Abe would make concessions to “keep them happy.” The border states never left.
2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors.
3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy.
4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860
A four way election race between Lincoln (republic) and Douglas with Breckenridge (Democrat) and Bell (Constitutional Union). Slavery was a very sensitive issue during this election. William Seward
He was appointed secretary of state by Lincoln. He was a senator from new York. Antislavery and wanted to run under republican, but Lincoln got to it before him. He believed in a higher law, due to his beliefs in Christianity.
Edwin M. Stanton
Lincoln’s secretary of war appointed in 1860. Was fired by Johnson, but before then, had opposed Lincoln and became a hassle in the civil war.
The Alabama
British ship that was turned into a confederate warship in 1862. Captured union ships, over sixty, and was defeated by a union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864.
Emancipation Proclamation
Was brought through after the battle of Antietam. Gave the proclamation that all slaves in the Confederate states were free but those in the Border States were not. It gave the union army a moral reason to fight.
Trent Affair
A British mail ship that had two confederate officials on board that were on course to Britain. They were intercepted by the Union which caused tensions between the North, the South, and Britain.
Merrimack and Monitor
2 Ironclad ships that fought for several hours. There was no decisive victory. However, this marked the start of iron clad ships that would become a viable weapon in the Navy.
Anaconda Plan
A military planned conjured up by Wienfried Scott. The plan meant surrounding the South with military strength and slowly constricting them of resources and troops until they were effectively defeated.
Border States
States that had slaves that were adjacent to their northern counterparts. Most did not secede from the Union. They were needed to help Lincoln win his second election.
Appomattox
This marked the end of the civil war, where Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865. Located in Virginia, and Grant believes that they are once again their countrymen.
Election of 1864
Republican Union party nominated Lincoln with Andrew Johnson (for the border states’ votes) Democrats nominated George McCellan, and Lincoln wins.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
European nations, witnessing the weakness of the United States could be tempted to engage in some sort of alliance with one or the other side. There could be another war where the European nations would leap to strike at a disunited and weakened America.
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Lincoln sent a supply ship to fort Sumter which provoked the confederates. The south would have no choice but to attack which would have started the civil war.
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The border states made sure that Lincoln, or congress, did not step too far out of their range. Because the border states had slavery, Lincoln had to make sure that the abolition of slavery was not on his check list. Billy Yank and Johnny Reb were counterparts, Johnny being part of the south, Billy being north. They were symbolized common soldiers in the war.
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
The south’s advantages were a defensive war, familiar geography, and great generals, including Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson. The north, however, had a larger population, larger army, industry to produce weapons and such, and most of the nation’s railroads as well as the navy. They also have a larger concentration of the money in the union.
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
King cotton was primarily favored by England. The south had depended on England’s need for their cotton, but in reality, England found some cotton and stored it up. Thereby taking down King Cotton. The North sent food, thereby enthroning king wheat and king corn.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
British ship Trent was stopped by Union ships that forcibly took two confederate diplomats. British got angry. The south had a ship called the Alabama. Manned by the English, took around 60 union ships before dying outside of France. The British was also going to build raider ships for the south, but ultimately did not.
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Canadian conflicts with American borders, fought by Irishmen who hated the English that lived in Canada. The British had built laird rams to ram wooden union vessels. Napoleon III appointed Maximilian the emperor of Mexico and left him, who was ultimately executed via firing squad.
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
Jefferson Davis was not a very strong president. Leading the confederate run was a bad idea. Also, the confederate government was weak because it was a confederate, which is basically a loose United States. The Union government was a tightly knit workshop with a great leader, Mr. Lincoln.
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
He increased the size of the army, spent two million on private citizens, suspended Habeas Corpus, or the right of due process, declared martial law in Maryland, and rigged border state votes. He acted with such power because he saw that it was a necessity in order for the union to reunite. In the end, it was worth it.
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
Yes, the rich would be able to pay their way out of the draft. In the north, to exit a draft, you would pay 300 dollars. Most of the union army was volunteers and they often jumped on bounty. They would sign up multiple times to reap more of the bonus.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
Paper money caused deep inflation because it was not backed by gold in treasuries. The north created the Morrill Tarriff Act to increase revenue. Greenbacks were money that did not have much value. The national banking act created a standardized money system.
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
A lot of new businessmen and entrepreneurs began their reign on the economy here. They sold shoddy items to the government, etc. Businesses boomed and the Millionaire class was born. Blackwell, Barton, and Dix were all nurses at the time. Blackwell first female doctor. Barton was the founder of Red Cross.
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
The south’s economy was primarily based on cotton. By reducing England’s demand, it should be pretty evident. However, the south, after the war, held only 12% of the nation’s wealth, providing only 40% of northern revenue, compared to 30% and 60% respectively.
Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war.
2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River.
3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”
4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Draft riots of 1863
New York City, after battle at Gettysburg. Bloodiest riot in American history, mainly held by Irish working class men and women who did not want the draft, and were not that much in favor of the war.
Charles Frances Adam
Union diplomat who kept Britain neutral during the Civil war
.
Sherman's March
William T. Sherman, ruthless northern general. Marched to the sea, destroying towns, salting soils, destroying wells in the process. From Atlanta. Marched and destroyed 60 miles of land. Wanted to break the moral of the south.
Clement L. Vallandigham
A man with no country. Ran for governor in Ohio, shunned by the Confederacy, seen as traitor in the Union, and was exiled to Canada. He was a copperhead and convicted of treason.
Andrew Johnson
War Democrat from Tennessee. Ran with Lincoln with his Union party in 1864.
John Wilkes Booth
Famous actor who assassinated Lincoln.
C.S.S. Alabama
British warship that looted and sank wooden Union ships. Broke the Union blockade of the south.
National Banking Act
Singular, unified banking system. Later foreshadowed federal reserves. Banking system that sold government bonds and bought them back. It created a universal currency system.
Union Party
Guided under Lincoln. Included Republicans with War Democrats. Also part of the Whig party joined.
GUIDED READING
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
AKA the battle of Manassas, was thought to be the only battle needed. However, both sides were not prepared, and the north was winning. Jackson became a stonewall and the south was able to push the north back. North retreated, and gave south moral support. They realized it would be a long war
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
The north would take the capital of Richmond VA. Jeb Stuart went around McCellen, who was slow. And Robert E. Lee fought the seven day’s battle. They dueled it out with Lee coming out as the winner. The north would set up naval blockades along the south, free the slaves, divide it among the Mississippi, and conquer from there.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
It was questionable because it was loose. Britain honored it because they wanted to avoid a war. The blockade was loose and was often breached. However, it strengthened later on in the war.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
It would have decided the rest of the war’s outcome. If the south had won, they would be able to take the entire north. If the North won, they would be able to convince European nations to stay out.
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
It was symbolic and the proclamation called for freedom of slaves, however, did not really free them. Lincoln violated the constitution, but in turn, raised the morality of the union’s fighting troops.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
African Americans made up 10 percent of the union army. They were also a main force behind moral support, freeing slaves that had been enslaved in the confederate slaves. Captured black slaves were executed, notably fort Pillow.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
It was also a significant decisive point in the war. It would break the backs of the southern moral and also destroy much of their troops through Pickett’s Charge. It also boosted Union moral through the Gettysburg address.
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
He was an average man. He had gotten unconditional surrender early on in western fights. But he lost all his troops at Shiloh. He overcame Vicksburg, however, which ensures that the south would get no foreign aid.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
He applied his ideology of total war. He scorched the south by destroying crop fields, wells, burning towns, raiding cities, etc. He ultimately creates a path of destruction
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
12. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
Lincoln had to somehow appease to everyone.He had opponents everywhere, even on his home plate. He would have to battle through everyone who opposed his policies including copperheads, and famous copperhead clement L. Vallandingham.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
The fact that he was a proponent of the Union party, in favor of preserving the union. And he also won because the last few battles were wins, proving McCellen that Lincon was mismanaging the war wrong.
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
General Grant used power in numbers to defeat Lee’s army, and in the end surrounding them at Appomatox Courthouse.
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe
16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
Bad, Lincoln became a martyr and Booth became a fugitive and despised man. Lincoln was more preferred because he was softer on the South than congress will be later on. Furthermore, Johnson, who was the Vice President, was a Southerner, so Reconstruction would be biased.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
17. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
Much debt and destruction, however, it would prove United states as a unit and abolish slavery. Unfortunately, violence brewed between the two sections. The scar would take time to heal.
Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?
18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?
No, because in an American’s point of view, the nation fighting itself is a grim idea. However, the fact that America as a whole came together in the end shows its unity and empowers the American people to further that unity as a major world power. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.
2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.
3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.
4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.
5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.
GUIDED READING
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
After the war, many people believed that the people were once again one. However, on the contrary, the south despised the North and vice versa. After the war, hatred continued.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
They did not fare well. Some moved to find better lives, but many stayed on the plantation that they were enslaved on with similar job terms as slavery. Simply put they were back where they first were before freedom.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Was not very effective since many slaves went back to their original plantations. Headed by General Oliver Howard, the only thing that they did significantly was teach slaves to read.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
He was stubborn and wouldn't take advice. However, since he was part of both worlds, he was able to bring together the North and South with amazing speech skills.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
Lincoln’s plan was much softer and full of forgiveness. It welcomed the southern states back into the union. However, the radical republicans passed the Wade-Davis Bill and it basically said that you need 50 percent of the people and swear an oath to the union as well as they would safeguard the rights of black Americans.
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
They would be a contract that kept the blacks from becoming apart from the land. By using these codes, they would tie a man to the contract for a certain amount of time with sharecropping (which tied him to the land, essentially the law). If they break this code, they would be fined and could not bring it up in jury.
Congressional Reconstruction
7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
The South, through black codes, was returning to slavery. This was highly disagreeable due to the fact that America had just fought a civil war about Slavery. For it to return so promptly after the war is frowned upon by the North. The second is because they had passed many big laws and bills during the time that the southern members were absent.
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
The republicans would attempt to pass bills to benefit the black man. However, notably the Andy Veto, Johnson would veto their bills, for example the civil Rights bill. Johnson clashed with congress and was primarily using his presidential check power.
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Essentially a democrat, he toured and gave oral speeches. Apparently, they were so bad that they stumped his audience, thereby giving the republican the vote.
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
Moderate republicans wanted simple reconstruction where the federal government would not be influencing the social changes, whereas the radical republicans favored a longer reconstruction, hoping that it would change the mindset of the south towards slaves.
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
11. Describe military reconstruction.
The south would be divided into 5 military districts, each having to swear to apply 14 and 15 amendment. Power eventually went back to the white supremacists.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
After the war, women wanted themselves to gain suffrage, however, even though activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony, they did not get any voting rights or citizenship rights.
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
They formed the Union league, which was a league of clubs that told them what they needed to do. African Americans told each other who to vote for and eventually, Hiram Revels became the first black senator, Bruce being a senator of Missouri. The whites did not like the new position openings for blacks. However, scalawags, people still loyal to north and carpetbaggers were in the south to ensure maximum benefit from the destruction.
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
The whites used terror to control the slaves. Also they introduced disfranchising acts where they blacks would have to take a literacy test or determine whether their grandfather had voted before. (Literacy Test, Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause)
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
They were tired of him, so they decided to pass the tenure of office act. Johnson still fired Stanton anyways thereby forcing the republicans to impeach the man. It was basically a lose -lose situation for Johnson.
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
The republicans were lacking one vote because seven republicans chose to go the moral route instead of the political route.
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
People believed it was all ice and nothing was there. It was up in northern Canada, and was largely unexplored. Steward purchased it anyways because he was an expansionist.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
It wasn't immediate, but it paved the way for future civil rights movements through the events that happened through the reconstruction. In the short term of the time, it was not exactly great because the South ended up hating the North, slavery was not really abolished, and the nation was virtually back to where it was before the war. However, it did show that America could stand united with their differences, and that it had the strength and capability to recover after fighting an internal war.
2. All along the South felt that England would help them. The idea was that King Cotton’s dominance would force the English into helping the Southerners. This never happened, largely because Uncle Tom’s Cabin had convinced the English people of slavery’s horrors.
3. The North had the advantage in almost every category: population, industry, money, navy.
4. Both sides turned to a draft, the nation’s first. The draft was very unpopular and many riots broke out.
IDENTIFICATIONS: Election of 1860
A four way election race between Lincoln (republic) and Douglas with Breckenridge (Democrat) and Bell (Constitutional Union). Slavery was a very sensitive issue during this election. William Seward
He was appointed secretary of state by Lincoln. He was a senator from new York. Antislavery and wanted to run under republican, but Lincoln got to it before him. He believed in a higher law, due to his beliefs in Christianity.
Edwin M. Stanton
Lincoln’s secretary of war appointed in 1860. Was fired by Johnson, but before then, had opposed Lincoln and became a hassle in the civil war.
The Alabama
British ship that was turned into a confederate warship in 1862. Captured union ships, over sixty, and was defeated by a union cruiser off the coast of France in 1864.
Emancipation Proclamation
Was brought through after the battle of Antietam. Gave the proclamation that all slaves in the Confederate states were free but those in the Border States were not. It gave the union army a moral reason to fight.
Trent Affair
A British mail ship that had two confederate officials on board that were on course to Britain. They were intercepted by the Union which caused tensions between the North, the South, and Britain.
Merrimack and Monitor
2 Ironclad ships that fought for several hours. There was no decisive victory. However, this marked the start of iron clad ships that would become a viable weapon in the Navy.
Anaconda Plan
A military planned conjured up by Wienfried Scott. The plan meant surrounding the South with military strength and slowly constricting them of resources and troops until they were effectively defeated.
Border States
States that had slaves that were adjacent to their northern counterparts. Most did not secede from the Union. They were needed to help Lincoln win his second election.
Appomattox
This marked the end of the civil war, where Lee surrendered to General Grant on April 9, 1865. Located in Virginia, and Grant believes that they are once again their countrymen.
Election of 1864
Republican Union party nominated Lincoln with Andrew Johnson (for the border states’ votes) Democrats nominated George McCellan, and Lincoln wins.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Menace of Secession
1. What practical problems would occur if the United States became two nations?
European nations, witnessing the weakness of the United States could be tempted to engage in some sort of alliance with one or the other side. There could be another war where the European nations would leap to strike at a disunited and weakened America.
South Carolina Assails Fort Sumter
Know: Fort Sumter, Col. Robert Anderson
2. What action did Lincoln take that provoked a Confederate attack on Fort Sumter? What effects did the South's attack have?
Lincoln sent a supply ship to fort Sumter which provoked the confederates. The south would have no choice but to attack which would have started the civil war.
Brothers' Blood and Border Blood
Know: Border States, Billy Yank, Johnny Reb
3. How did the border states affect northern conduct of the war?
The border states made sure that Lincoln, or congress, did not step too far out of their range. Because the border states had slavery, Lincoln had to make sure that the abolition of slavery was not on his check list. Billy Yank and Johnny Reb were counterparts, Johnny being part of the south, Billy being north. They were symbolized common soldiers in the war.
The Balance of Forces
Know: Robert E. Lee, Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
4. What advantages did the South have? The North?
The south’s advantages were a defensive war, familiar geography, and great generals, including Robert E. Lee and Thomas Jackson. The north, however, had a larger population, larger army, industry to produce weapons and such, and most of the nation’s railroads as well as the navy. They also have a larger concentration of the money in the union.
Dethroning King Cotton
Know: King Cotton, King Wheat, King Corn
5. Why did King Cotton fail the South?
King cotton was primarily favored by England. The south had depended on England’s need for their cotton, but in reality, England found some cotton and stored it up. Thereby taking down King Cotton. The North sent food, thereby enthroning king wheat and king corn.
The Decisiveness of Diplomacy
Know: Trent, Alabama
6. What tensions arose with Great Britain during the Civil War?
British ship Trent was stopped by Union ships that forcibly took two confederate diplomats. British got angry. The south had a ship called the Alabama. Manned by the English, took around 60 union ships before dying outside of France. The British was also going to build raider ships for the south, but ultimately did not.
Foreign Flare-Ups
Know: Laird Rams, Napoleon III, Maximilian
5. What other circumstances led to serious conflict with Great Britain during the Civil War?
Canadian conflicts with American borders, fought by Irishmen who hated the English that lived in Canada. The British had built laird rams to ram wooden union vessels. Napoleon III appointed Maximilian the emperor of Mexico and left him, who was ultimately executed via firing squad.
President Davis Versus President Lincoln
Know: Jefferson Davis, States Rights, Abraham Lincoln
8. Describe the weaknesses of the Confederate government and the strengths of the Union government?
Jefferson Davis was not a very strong president. Leading the confederate run was a bad idea. Also, the confederate government was weak because it was a confederate, which is basically a loose United States. The Union government was a tightly knit workshop with a great leader, Mr. Lincoln.
Limitations on Wartime Liberties
Know: Habeas Corpus
9. Give examples of constitutionally questionable actions taken by Lincoln. Why did he act with arbitrary power?
He increased the size of the army, spent two million on private citizens, suspended Habeas Corpus, or the right of due process, declared martial law in Maryland, and rigged border state votes. He acted with such power because he saw that it was a necessity in order for the union to reunite. In the end, it was worth it.
Volunteers and Draftees: North and South
Know: Three-hundred-dollar-men, bounty jumpers
10. Was the Civil War "a rich man's war but a poor man's fight?" Explain.
Yes, the rich would be able to pay their way out of the draft. In the north, to exit a draft, you would pay 300 dollars. Most of the union army was volunteers and they often jumped on bounty. They would sign up multiple times to reap more of the bonus.
The Economic Stresses of War
Know: Income Tax, Morrill Tariff Act, Greenbacks, National Banking Act, inflation
11. What was the effect of paper money on both North and South?
Paper money caused deep inflation because it was not backed by gold in treasuries. The north created the Morrill Tarriff Act to increase revenue. Greenbacks were money that did not have much value. The national banking act created a standardized money system.
The North's Economic Boom
Know: "Shoddy" Wool, Elizabeth Blackwell, Clara Barton, Dorthea Dix
12. Explain why the Civil War led to economic boom times in the North?
A lot of new businessmen and entrepreneurs began their reign on the economy here. They sold shoddy items to the government, etc. Businesses boomed and the Millionaire class was born. Blackwell, Barton, and Dix were all nurses at the time. Blackwell first female doctor. Barton was the founder of Red Cross.
A Crushed Cotton Kingdom
13. Give evidence to prove that the war was economically devastating to the South.
The south’s economy was primarily based on cotton. By reducing England’s demand, it should be pretty evident. However, the south, after the war, held only 12% of the nation’s wealth, providing only 40% of northern revenue, compared to 30% and 60% respectively.
Chapter #21: The Furnace of the Civil War – Big Picture Themes 1. The North thought they could win in a quick war. After they lost at Bull Run, the quick-victory approach seemed to have been a mistake. A northern loss on “the Peninsula” at Richmond reinforced that this would be a long war.
2. The South started the war winning. Turning point battles, which the North won, took place at (a) Antietam just before Lincoln’s “Emancipation Proclamation”, (b) Gettysburg which effectively broke the South’s back, and (c) Vicksburg which helped the North control the Mississippi River.
3. Lincoln won a hard-fought reelection in 1864. He did so by starting the “Union Party” made of Republicans and pro-war Democrats and on the simplicity of the slogan, “You don’t change horses midstream.”
4. General Sherman marched across Georgia and the South and reaped destruction. And the South began to lose battle after battle. These events drove the South to surrender at Appomattox Courthouse.
IDENTIFICATIONS
Draft riots of 1863
New York City, after battle at Gettysburg. Bloodiest riot in American history, mainly held by Irish working class men and women who did not want the draft, and were not that much in favor of the war.
Charles Frances Adam
Union diplomat who kept Britain neutral during the Civil war
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Sherman's March
William T. Sherman, ruthless northern general. Marched to the sea, destroying towns, salting soils, destroying wells in the process. From Atlanta. Marched and destroyed 60 miles of land. Wanted to break the moral of the south.
Clement L. Vallandigham
A man with no country. Ran for governor in Ohio, shunned by the Confederacy, seen as traitor in the Union, and was exiled to Canada. He was a copperhead and convicted of treason.
Andrew Johnson
War Democrat from Tennessee. Ran with Lincoln with his Union party in 1864.
John Wilkes Booth
Famous actor who assassinated Lincoln.
C.S.S. Alabama
British warship that looted and sank wooden Union ships. Broke the Union blockade of the south.
National Banking Act
Singular, unified banking system. Later foreshadowed federal reserves. Banking system that sold government bonds and bought them back. It created a universal currency system.
Union Party
Guided under Lincoln. Included Republicans with War Democrats. Also part of the Whig party joined.
GUIDED READING
Bull Run Ends the "Ninety Day War”
Know: Bull Run, Stonewall Jackson
1. What effect did the Battle of Bull Run have on North and South?
AKA the battle of Manassas, was thought to be the only battle needed. However, both sides were not prepared, and the north was winning. Jackson became a stonewall and the south was able to push the north back. North retreated, and gave south moral support. They realized it would be a long war
"Tardy George" McClellan and the Peninsula Campaign
Know: George McClellan, Peninsula Campaign, Robert E. Lee, "Jeb" Stuart, Seven Days' Battles, Anaconda Plan
2. Describe the grand strategy of the North for winning the war.
The north would take the capital of Richmond VA. Jeb Stuart went around McCellen, who was slow. And Robert E. Lee fought the seven day’s battle. They dueled it out with Lee coming out as the winner. The north would set up naval blockades along the south, free the slaves, divide it among the Mississippi, and conquer from there.
The War at Sea
Know: Blockade, Continuous Voyage, Merrimac, Monitor
3. What was questionable about the blockade practices of the North? Why did Britain honor the blockade anyway?
It was questionable because it was loose. Britain honored it because they wanted to avoid a war. The blockade was loose and was often breached. However, it strengthened later on in the war.
The Pivotal Point: Antietam
4. Why was the battle of Antietam "...probably the most decisive of the Civil War?"
It would have decided the rest of the war’s outcome. If the south had won, they would be able to take the entire north. If the North won, they would be able to convince European nations to stay out.
A Proclamation Without Emancipation
Know: Emancipation Proclamation, Butternut Region
7. The Emancipation Proclamation had important consequences. Explain.
It was symbolic and the proclamation called for freedom of slaves, however, did not really free them. Lincoln violated the constitution, but in turn, raised the morality of the union’s fighting troops.
Blacks Battle Bondage
Know: Frederick Douglass, 54th Massachusetts, Fort Pillow
8. African-Americans were critical in helping the North win the Civil War. Assess.
African Americans made up 10 percent of the union army. They were also a main force behind moral support, freeing slaves that had been enslaved in the confederate slaves. Captured black slaves were executed, notably fort Pillow.
Lee's Last Lunge at Gettysburg
Know: Ambrose Burnside, Joe Hooker, George Meade, Gettysburg, Pickett's Charge, Gettysburg Address
1. Why was Gettysburg a significant battle?
It was also a significant decisive point in the war. It would break the backs of the southern moral and also destroy much of their troops through Pickett’s Charge. It also boosted Union moral through the Gettysburg address.
The War in the West
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Fort Henry, Fort Donnelson, Shiloh, David Farragut, Vicksburg
10. Describe General Grant as a man and a general.
He was an average man. He had gotten unconditional surrender early on in western fights. But he lost all his troops at Shiloh. He overcame Vicksburg, however, which ensures that the south would get no foreign aid.
Sherman Scorches Georgia
Know: William T. Sherman, March to the Sea
11. How did Sherman attempt to demoralize the South?
He applied his ideology of total war. He scorched the south by destroying crop fields, wells, burning towns, raiding cities, etc. He ultimately creates a path of destruction
The Politics of War
Know: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Clement L. Vallandingham
12. Describe Lincoln’s political difficulties during the war.
Lincoln had to somehow appease to everyone.He had opponents everywhere, even on his home plate. He would have to battle through everyone who opposed his policies including copperheads, and famous copperhead clement L. Vallandingham.
The Election of 1864
Know: Andrew Johnson, George McClellan, Mobile, Atlanta
14. What factors contributed to Lincoln's electoral victory?
The fact that he was a proponent of the Union party, in favor of preserving the union. And he also won because the last few battles were wins, proving McCellen that Lincon was mismanaging the war wrong.
Grant Outlasts Lee
Know: The Wilderness, Cold Harbor, Grant the Butcher, Richmond, Appomattox Courthouse
15. What strategy did Grant use to defeat Lee's army?
General Grant used power in numbers to defeat Lee’s army, and in the end surrounding them at Appomatox Courthouse.
The Martyrdom of Lincoln
Know: Ford's Theater, John Wilkes Boothe
16. Was Lincoln's death good or bad for the South? Explain.
Bad, Lincoln became a martyr and Booth became a fugitive and despised man. Lincoln was more preferred because he was softer on the South than congress will be later on. Furthermore, Johnson, who was the Vice President, was a Southerner, so Reconstruction would be biased.
The Aftermath of the Nightmare
Know: Lost Cause
17. What was the legacy of the Civil War?
Much debt and destruction, however, it would prove United states as a unit and abolish slavery. Unfortunately, violence brewed between the two sections. The scar would take time to heal.
Varying Viewpoints: What Were the Consequences of the Civil War?
18. Do you agree with those historians who say that the importance of the Civil War has been exaggerated? Why or Why not?
No, because in an American’s point of view, the nation fighting itself is a grim idea. However, the fact that America as a whole came together in the end shows its unity and empowers the American people to further that unity as a major world power. Chapter #22: The Ordeal of Reconstruction – Big Picture Themes 1. After the war, the question was, “What to do with the southern states?” The more moderate Republicans, like Lincoln and his successor Andrew Johnson, lost out to the Radical Republicans who desired to punish the South.
2. The South was divided up into military districts. The southern states were not allowed to reenter the U.S. until the North’s stipulations were met.
3. For Southern blacks, these years were good politically. Since whites wanted nothing to do with the U.S., blacks voted and were often elected to state legislatures and Congress.
4. Economically, freed blacks fared worse. They were no longer slaves, but with little other options, they largely became sharecroppers. The end result was little different and little better than slavery.
5. In 1877, a presidential election was essentially a tie. A compromise was worked out, and the South got the U.S. Army to pull out. This left the southern blacks on their own—southern whites reasserted their power.
GUIDED READING
The Problems of Peace
Know: Reconstruction
1. "Dismal indeed was the picture presented by the war-wracked South when the rattle of musketry faded." Explain.
After the war, many people believed that the people were once again one. However, on the contrary, the south despised the North and vice versa. After the war, hatred continued.
Freedmen Define Freedom
Know: Exodusters, American Methodist Episcopal Church, American Missionary Association
2. How did African-Americans respond to emancipation in the decade following the war?
They did not fare well. Some moved to find better lives, but many stayed on the plantation that they were enslaved on with similar job terms as slavery. Simply put they were back where they first were before freedom.
The Freedmen's Bureau
Know: Freedmen's Bureau, General Oliver O. Howard
3. Assess the effectiveness of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Was not very effective since many slaves went back to their original plantations. Headed by General Oliver Howard, the only thing that they did significantly was teach slaves to read.
Johnson: The Tailor President
Know: Andrew Johnson
4. Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Andrew Johnson.
He was stubborn and wouldn't take advice. However, since he was part of both worlds, he was able to bring together the North and South with amazing speech skills.
Presidential Reconstruction
Know: Lincoln's "10 percent plan," Wade-Davis Bill, Radical Republicans
5. How did the Presidents' plan for reconstruction differ from the plan of the Radical Republicans?
Lincoln’s plan was much softer and full of forgiveness. It welcomed the southern states back into the union. However, the radical republicans passed the Wade-Davis Bill and it basically said that you need 50 percent of the people and swear an oath to the union as well as they would safeguard the rights of black Americans.
The Baleful Black Codes
Know: Black Codes, Labor Contracts, Sharecropping, Debt Peonage
6. How were Black Codes used to keep the freedmen down?
They would be a contract that kept the blacks from becoming apart from the land. By using these codes, they would tie a man to the contract for a certain amount of time with sharecropping (which tied him to the land, essentially the law). If they break this code, they would be fined and could not bring it up in jury.
Congressional Reconstruction
7. Why did northern congressmen refuse to seat the southerners when they came to take their seats? (Hint: there are two reasons -- one moral and one practical)
The South, through black codes, was returning to slavery. This was highly disagreeable due to the fact that America had just fought a civil war about Slavery. For it to return so promptly after the war is frowned upon by the North. The second is because they had passed many big laws and bills during the time that the southern members were absent.
Johnson Clashes with Congress
Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment
8. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? What did President Johnson do in response?
The republicans would attempt to pass bills to benefit the black man. However, notably the Andy Veto, Johnson would veto their bills, for example the civil Rights bill. Johnson clashed with congress and was primarily using his presidential check power.
Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson
9. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Why did it backfire?
Essentially a democrat, he toured and gave oral speeches. Apparently, they were so bad that they stumped his audience, thereby giving the republican the vote.
Republican Principles and Programs
Know: Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans
10. How did the views of Moderate Republicans about reconstruction differ from the views of Radical Republicans?
Moderate republicans wanted simple reconstruction where the federal government would not be influencing the social changes, whereas the radical republicans favored a longer reconstruction, hoping that it would change the mindset of the south towards slaves.
Reconstruction by the Sword
Know: Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule
11. Describe military reconstruction.
The south would be divided into 5 military districts, each having to swear to apply 14 and 15 amendment. Power eventually went back to the white supremacists.
No Women Voters
Know: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Woman's Loyal League, Fourteenth Amendment
12. Why did some women feel that they did not receive their due after the Civil War?
After the war, women wanted themselves to gain suffrage, however, even though activists such as Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B Anthony, they did not get any voting rights or citizenship rights.
The Realities of Radical Reconstruction in the South
Know: Union League, Suffrage, Hiram Revels, Blanche K. Bruce, Scalawags, Carpetbaggers
13. In what ways did African-Americans become politically involved in the years immediately following the Civil War? How did White southerners view their involvement?
They formed the Union league, which was a league of clubs that told them what they needed to do. African Americans told each other who to vote for and eventually, Hiram Revels became the first black senator, Bruce being a senator of Missouri. The whites did not like the new position openings for blacks. However, scalawags, people still loyal to north and carpetbaggers were in the south to ensure maximum benefit from the destruction.
The Ku Klux Klan
Know: Ku Klux Klan, Force Acts, Disfranchise
14. In what ways did Southern whites attempt to keep former slaves down?
The whites used terror to control the slaves. Also they introduced disfranchising acts where they blacks would have to take a literacy test or determine whether their grandfather had voted before. (Literacy Test, Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause)
Johnson Walks the Impeachment Plank
Know: Radical Republicans, Ben Wade, Tenure of Office Act, Edwin Stanton
15. How did the Radical Republicans "manufacture" an impeachment of Andrew Johnson?
They were tired of him, so they decided to pass the tenure of office act. Johnson still fired Stanton anyways thereby forcing the republicans to impeach the man. It was basically a lose -lose situation for Johnson.
A Not-Guilty Verdict for Johnson
Know: Benjamin F. Butler, Thaddeus Stevens
16. Why were the Radicals unsuccessful in removing Johnson from office?
The republicans were lacking one vote because seven republicans chose to go the moral route instead of the political route.
The Purchase of Alaska
Know: William Seward, Russia
17. Explain why Alaska was called "Seward's Folly," but was purchased anyway.
People believed it was all ice and nothing was there. It was up in northern Canada, and was largely unexplored. Steward purchased it anyways because he was an expansionist.
The Heritage of Reconstruction
18. Assess the success of Republican reconstruction.
It wasn't immediate, but it paved the way for future civil rights movements through the events that happened through the reconstruction. In the short term of the time, it was not exactly great because the South ended up hating the North, slavery was not really abolished, and the nation was virtually back to where it was before the war. However, it did show that America could stand united with their differences, and that it had the strength and capability to recover after fighting an internal war.