Chapter 28 & 29 Study Guides
Chapter #28:
Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
–
Big Picture Themes
1. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or People’s) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and “muckraker” writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and women’s right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition.
3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a “trust- buster”. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person.
4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation.
5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelt’s ways and the two split.
Chapter# 28:
Identification:
Jacob Riis
Wrote “How the Other Half Lives” about the lives of the poor
Ida Tarbell
Wrote an expose in McClure’s that laid bare the ruthless business tactics of Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company
Robert M. LaFollete
Governor of Wisconsin and leader of Progressives. Grabbed power back from big business
Charles Evans Hughes
the able and audacious reformist Republican governor of New York, had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust
Upton Sinclair
Author of The Jungle, which focused attention on the plight of workers in canning factories
Initiative
Voters could propose legislation themselves, bypassing the boss-bought state legislatures
Referendum
Allowed people to make the final approval of laws
Recall
Would enable voters to remove faithless elected officials
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote about the secret corruptness of big business and government
Elkins Act
Curb aimed primarily at rebates
Hepburn Act
Free passes were severely restricted
Northern Securities Case
A railroad holding company organized by JP Morgan and James J Hill
Meat Inspection Act
Preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can
Pure Food and Drug Act
passed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals
Newlands Act
Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sunbaked Western states and then use these funds for development of irrigation projects
Dollar diplomacy
President Taft’s foreign policy that would replace “bullets with dollars”; so American interest and power would be protected through investors rather than military; worked effectively in Latin America but not in china; encouraged investors to invest in foreign markets
Payne-Aldrich Act
Passed in 1909 signed by President Taft which would lower tariff rates, however, Senator Nelson Aldrich changed the Act to actually raise tariffs; split the Republican party into Progressives which were anti-high tariff and conservatives who were pro-high tariffs
Ballinger-Pinchot
Affair Secretary of U.S. opened public lands in Montana and Alaska which were against Roosevelt’s Conservationist policies; Pinchot (Chief of Forestry) was angry and demanded that Taft fire Pinchot, Taft then fired Balinger leading to more spit of the Republican party.
Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1. What were the goals of the Progressives?
The goals of the Progressives was to fight monopolies, corruption, social injustice, and inefficiency; basically to fix the flaws of the Gilded Age. They wanted to implement the government as a tool for social welfare. They were inspired by the Greenback Labor party and the Populists to help better the human condition in America. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know:
McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
The issues addressed by the major muckrakers were social inhustice and the alliances of big business and the government and monopolies. Ida Tarbell is one example with her exposing the Standard oil Company and Thomas Lawson exposing American fortunes and David G Phillips with the allignemnt of the government and major trusts, and Baker exposing illiteracy of blacks. All of these were examples of muckraker who exposed social injustice at the hands of big business.
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
The progressives wanted “referendum” so that people could decide on laws that affected them, “recall “so that voters could take ineffective officials out of office, and “initiative” so that voters could petition their own legislation. They also sought an Australian ballot to stop corruption and political machines. They sought the 17th Amendment to ensure that the senators would vote for the people instead of for big business.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
La Follette took power from business and gave it back to the people. He also regulated public utilities while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university at Madison.
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York , Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
They taught women to improve themselves with poetry and prose. In the nineteenth century, they focused on winning pensions for mothers with dependent children, and ensuring that only safe food products found their way to the table. Florence Kelly took control of National Consumers League
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
Control of corporations, Consumer protection, and Conservation of resource
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."
He believed there were good trusts along with bad trusts. His successor, Taft, busted more trusts than TR did.
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book,The Jungle?
He appalled the public with his description of disgustingly unsanitary food products.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
Wasteful Americans assuming that their natural resources were inexhaustible had looted and polluted their domain. Leaders saw that this was not true. Roosevelt was an environmentalist.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The Aldrich-Vreeland Act passed and authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
His reputation as an eater of errant industrialists now seemed inflated.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
He suffered from a lethal political handicap. He had none of the arts of a dashing political leader and none of Roosevelt’s zest for the fray. He was passive toward Congress.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy
13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
The use of diplomacy to promote commercial interest. Investors encouraged to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the US.
Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason
14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft brought 90 suits against the trusts during his 4 years in office as compared with some 44 for Roosevelt in 7 ½ years.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
Taft dismissed Pinchot in the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
Progressives chose LaFollete as presidential nominee, and later pushed TR into the primaries instead.
Chapter #29:
Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad – Big Picture Themes
1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft.
2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people.
3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.
4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.
Chapter #29:
Identifications:
Eugene Debs
Socialist candidate for 1912 election and 1908 and 1904
Pancho Villa
one of Huerta’s rivals as well has Carranza’s.
John J. Pershing
ordered to break up the bandit band in Mexico. Clashed with Carranza’s force and mauled the Villistas
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria
Allied Powers
France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy
Lusitania
British passenger liner was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland with a loss of 128 Americans
Sussex Pledge
agreement between Wilson and Germany not to sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without giving warning
Federal Reserve Act
essentially created the third BUS. Federal Reserve Board reserved the right to issue notes
New Nationalism
platform of TR that favored consolidation of trust sand labor unions, paralleled by growth of government to regulate
New Freedom
Platform of Woodrow Wilson, and called for stronger antitrust, banking reform and low tariffs
Underwood Tariff
Wilson’s tariff which provided for substantial reduction of rates
Federal Trade Commission
Created to root out monopoly and unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery
Clayton Antitrust Act
Conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. Magna Carta of labor
Chapter #29
Identifications
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
New Nationalism called for antitrust, banking reform and lower tariffs. New Nationalism called for women’s suffrage, social welfare and social insurance.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Wilson was a minority president, though his party won a majority in Congress. Taft and Roosevelt together polled over 1.25 million more votes than Democrats. The combined Progressive vote for Wilson and Roosevelt exceeded the tally of the more conservative Taft.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
He was an ascetic intellectual and had clean-cut features. He sympathized with the Confederacy’s attempt to win its independence, a sentiment that partly inspired his ideal of self-determination for people of other countries. He shared faith in the masses.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff
4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
Tariffs, banks and trusts.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
It was issued the power to issue paper money backed by commercial paper, such as promissory notes of businesspeople.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 passed and appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as meatpackers. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the shopworn Sherman Act’s list ofbusiness practices that were deemed objectionable.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
He was able to demonstrate vigorous presidential leadership. He presided over increased segregation in the federal bureaucracy.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson did not like dollar diplomacy and hated imperialism.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
Huerta had rivals, Carranza had rivals, and Pancho Villa emerged challenging authority and attempted to start a war between Wilson and Carranza.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
Alliances between various countries after the murder of the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary in Sarajevo.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
They were against Kaiser’s arrogant autocracy and ruthless strike on neutral Belgium.
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles. Wilson warned Germany that it would be held to “strict accountability” for any attacks on American vessels or citizens.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
Midwesterners and westerners, attracted by Wilson’s progressive reforms and antiwar policies, flocked to the polls for the President. He received strong support from the working class and bull moosers.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
I believe that Progressive leaders were middle-class people who were threatened from above by the emerging power of new corporate elites and from below by a restless working class that were losing jobs from the incoming immigrants.
Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt
–
Big Picture Themes
1. The Progressives grew out of the Populist (or People’s) Party and sought to correct injustices. 2. Progressives and “muckraker” writers attacked city corruption, corporate greed, poor living and working conditions, alcohol, and women’s right to vote. Each of these ills saw laws and/or Amendments passed to attempt to better the condition.
3. Teddy Roosevelt made a name for himself as a “trust- buster”. That is, he broke up a few high-profile companies that he said were monopolies (or trusts). Busting trusts and thus creating competition was to benefit the average person.
4. He also obtained huge tracts of land, usually out West, for parks and conservation.
5. Roosevelt picked Taft to follow him, but Taft began to stray from Roosevelt’s ways and the two split.
Chapter# 28:
Identification:
Jacob Riis
Wrote “How the Other Half Lives” about the lives of the poor
Ida Tarbell
Wrote an expose in McClure’s that laid bare the ruthless business tactics of Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Company
Robert M. LaFollete
Governor of Wisconsin and leader of Progressives. Grabbed power back from big business
Charles Evans Hughes
the able and audacious reformist Republican governor of New York, had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust
Upton Sinclair
Author of The Jungle, which focused attention on the plight of workers in canning factories
Initiative
Voters could propose legislation themselves, bypassing the boss-bought state legislatures
Referendum
Allowed people to make the final approval of laws
Recall
Would enable voters to remove faithless elected officials
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote about the secret corruptness of big business and government
Elkins Act
Curb aimed primarily at rebates
Hepburn Act
Free passes were severely restricted
Northern Securities Case
A railroad holding company organized by JP Morgan and James J Hill
Meat Inspection Act
Preparation of meat shipped over state lines would be subject to federal inspection from corral to can
Pure Food and Drug Act
passed to prevent adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals
Newlands Act
Washington was authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sunbaked Western states and then use these funds for development of irrigation projects
Dollar diplomacy
President Taft’s foreign policy that would replace “bullets with dollars”; so American interest and power would be protected through investors rather than military; worked effectively in Latin America but not in china; encouraged investors to invest in foreign markets
Payne-Aldrich Act
Passed in 1909 signed by President Taft which would lower tariff rates, however, Senator Nelson Aldrich changed the Act to actually raise tariffs; split the Republican party into Progressives which were anti-high tariff and conservatives who were pro-high tariffs
Ballinger-Pinchot
Affair Secretary of U.S. opened public lands in Montana and Alaska which were against Roosevelt’s Conservationist policies; Pinchot (Chief of Forestry) was angry and demanded that Taft fire Pinchot, Taft then fired Balinger leading to more spit of the Republican party.
Chapter #28: Guided Reading Questions
Progressive Roots Know: Progressives, Laissez-faire, Henry Demarest Lloyd, Jacob Riis, Theodore Dreiser, Jane Addams, Lillian Weld
1. What were the goals of the Progressives?
The goals of the Progressives was to fight monopolies, corruption, social injustice, and inefficiency; basically to fix the flaws of the Gilded Age. They wanted to implement the government as a tool for social welfare. They were inspired by the Greenback Labor party and the Populists to help better the human condition in America. Raking Muck with the Muckrakers
Know:
McClure's, Lincoln Steffens, Ida M. Tarbell, Thomas W. Lawson, David G. Phillips, Ray Stannard Baker, John Spargo
2. What issues were addressed by the major muckrakers?
The issues addressed by the major muckrakers were social inhustice and the alliances of big business and the government and monopolies. Ida Tarbell is one example with her exposing the Standard oil Company and Thomas Lawson exposing American fortunes and David G Phillips with the allignemnt of the government and major trusts, and Baker exposing illiteracy of blacks. All of these were examples of muckraker who exposed social injustice at the hands of big business.
Political Progressivism
Know: Direct Primary Elections, Initiative, Referendum, Recall, Australian Ballot, Millionaires' Club, Seventeenth Amendment, Suffragists
3. Define each of the major political reforms that progressives desired.
The progressives wanted “referendum” so that people could decide on laws that affected them, “recall “so that voters could take ineffective officials out of office, and “initiative” so that voters could petition their own legislation. They also sought an Australian ballot to stop corruption and political machines. They sought the 17th Amendment to ensure that the senators would vote for the people instead of for big business.
Progressivism in the Cities and States
Know: Robert M. La Follette, The Wisconsin Idea, Hiram W. Johnson, Charles Evans Hughes
4. What changes did progressives make at the city and state level?
La Follette took power from business and gave it back to the people. He also regulated public utilities while laboring in close association with experts on the faculty of the state university at Madison.
Progressive Women
Know: Triangle Shirtwaist Company, Muller v. Oregon, Lochner v. New York , Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Frances E. Willard, "Wet" and "Dry"
5. How successful were Progressives in combating social ills?
They taught women to improve themselves with poetry and prose. In the nineteenth century, they focused on winning pensions for mothers with dependent children, and ensuring that only safe food products found their way to the table. Florence Kelly took control of National Consumers League
TR's Square Deal for Labor
Know: Square Deal, Department of Commerce and Labor
6. What were the three C's of the Square Deal?
Control of corporations, Consumer protection, and Conservation of resource
TR Corrals the Corporations
Know: Elkins Act, Hepburn Act, Trustbusting, Northern Securities Company
7. Assess the following statement, "Teddy Roosevelt's reputation as a trustbuster is undeserved."
He believed there were good trusts along with bad trusts. His successor, Taft, busted more trusts than TR did.
Caring for the Consumer
Know: The Jungle, Meat Inspection Act
8. What was the effect of Upton Sinclair's book,The Jungle?
He appalled the public with his description of disgustingly unsanitary food products.
Earth Control
Know: Forest Reserve Act, Gifford Pinchot, Newlands Act, Conservation, Call of the Wild, Boy Scouts, Sierra Club
9. What factors led Americans to take an active interest in conservation?
Wasteful Americans assuming that their natural resources were inexhaustible had looted and polluted their domain. Leaders saw that this was not true. Roosevelt was an environmentalist.
The "Roosevelt Panic" of 1907
10. What were the results of the Roosevelt Panic of 1907?
The Aldrich-Vreeland Act passed and authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.
The Rough Rider Thunders Out Know: William Howard Taft, Eugene V. Debs
11. What was the legacy of Teddy Roosevelt's presidency?
His reputation as an eater of errant industrialists now seemed inflated.
Taft: A Round Peg in a Square Hole
12. "William Howard Taft was less suited for the presidency than he appeared to be." Explain
He suffered from a lethal political handicap. He had none of the arts of a dashing political leader and none of Roosevelt’s zest for the fray. He was passive toward Congress.
The Dollar Goes Abroad as a Diplomat Know: Dollar Diplomacy
13. What was dollar diplomacy and how was it practiced?
The use of diplomacy to promote commercial interest. Investors encouraged to sluice their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the US.
Taft the Trustbuster Know: Rule of Reason
14. Who deserves the nickname "Trustbuster," Roosevelt or Taft?
Taft brought 90 suits against the trusts during his 4 years in office as compared with some 44 for Roosevelt in 7 ½ years.
Taft Splits the Republican Party
Know: Payne-Aldrich Tariff, Richard Ballinger, Gifford Pinchot, Joe Cannon
15. Why did the Progressive wing of the Republican Party turn against Taft?
Taft dismissed Pinchot in the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair.
The Taft-Roosevelt Rupture
16. How did the Republican Party split at the party's 1912 convention?
Progressives chose LaFollete as presidential nominee, and later pushed TR into the primaries instead.
Chapter #29:
Wilsonian Progressivism Abroad – Big Picture Themes
1. Wilson won the presidency mainly because Teddy Roosevelt ran as a third-party candidate and split the Republican vote with Taft.
2. Wilson was an idealist and progressive who sought to clean up problems. He attacked the tariff as too high, banks as corrupt by the rich, and trusts as milking the people.
3. Wilson hated war and wanted American foreign policy to be fair and just to all. Conditions in Latin America, however, forced this peaceful president to take military action. Notably, he ordered the US Army to chase Pancho Villa in Mexico.
4. In Europe, war had begun. In the Atlantic ocean, German subs began to sink sinks carrying Americans, notably the Lusitania. Wilson tried to keep America out of the war, and did, for the time being.
Chapter #29:
Identifications:
Eugene Debs
Socialist candidate for 1912 election and 1908 and 1904
Pancho Villa
one of Huerta’s rivals as well has Carranza’s.
John J. Pershing
ordered to break up the bandit band in Mexico. Clashed with Carranza’s force and mauled the Villistas
Central Powers
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria
Allied Powers
France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy
Lusitania
British passenger liner was torpedoed and sank off the coast of Ireland with a loss of 128 Americans
Sussex Pledge
agreement between Wilson and Germany not to sink passenger ships and merchant vessels without giving warning
Federal Reserve Act
essentially created the third BUS. Federal Reserve Board reserved the right to issue notes
New Nationalism
platform of TR that favored consolidation of trust sand labor unions, paralleled by growth of government to regulate
New Freedom
Platform of Woodrow Wilson, and called for stronger antitrust, banking reform and low tariffs
Underwood Tariff
Wilson’s tariff which provided for substantial reduction of rates
Federal Trade Commission
Created to root out monopoly and unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery
Clayton Antitrust Act
Conferred long-overdue benefits on labor. Magna Carta of labor
Chapter #29
Identifications
The "Bull Moose" Campaign of 1912 Know: Bull Moose, New Nationalism, New Freedom
1. Explain the difference between Roosevelt's form of progressivism and Wilson's.
New Nationalism called for antitrust, banking reform and lower tariffs. New Nationalism called for women’s suffrage, social welfare and social insurance.
Woodrow Wilson: A Minority President
2. "The [1912] election results are fascinating." Explain.
Wilson was a minority president, though his party won a majority in Congress. Taft and Roosevelt together polled over 1.25 million more votes than Democrats. The combined Progressive vote for Wilson and Roosevelt exceeded the tally of the more conservative Taft.
Wilson: The Idealist in Politics
3. How did Wilson's personality and past affect the way he conducted himself as president?
He was an ascetic intellectual and had clean-cut features. He sympathized with the Confederacy’s attempt to win its independence, a sentiment that partly inspired his ideal of self-determination for people of other countries. He shared faith in the masses.
Wilson Tackles the Tariff Know: Underwood Tariff
4. What were the three parts of the "triple wall of privilege?"
Tariffs, banks and trusts.
Wilson Battles the Bankers
Know: The Federal Reserve Act
5. How was the Federal Reserve System different than the banking system that existed in the U.S. in 1913?
It was issued the power to issue paper money backed by commercial paper, such as promissory notes of businesspeople.
The President Tames the Trusts
Know: Federal Trade Commission Act, Clayton Anti-Trust Act
6. How did Wilson curb the trusts?
The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 passed and appointed commission to turn a searchlight on industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as meatpackers. The Clayton Anti-Trust Act lengthened the shopworn Sherman Act’s list ofbusiness practices that were deemed objectionable.
Wilsonian Progressivism at High Tide
Know: The Federal Farm Loan Act, Warehouse Act, La Follette Seamen's Act, Workingmen's Compensation Act, Adamson Act, Louis D. Brandeis
7. Describe some of the positive and negative outcomes of Wilson’s progressive legislation and actions.
He was able to demonstrate vigorous presidential leadership. He presided over increased segregation in the federal bureaucracy.
New Directions in Foreign Policy
Know: Haiti
8. Contrast Wilson's ideas of foreign policy with those of Roosevelt and Taft.
Wilson did not like dollar diplomacy and hated imperialism.
Moralistic Diplomacy in Mexico
Know: Victoriano Huerta, Venustiano Carranza, Francisco ("Pancho") Villa, ABC Powers, John J. ("Black Jack") Pershing
9. Why did Mexico give such trouble to the Wilson administration?
Huerta had rivals, Carranza had rivals, and Pancho Villa emerged challenging authority and attempted to start a war between Wilson and Carranza.
Thunder Across the Sea
Know: Central Powers, Allied Powers
10. What caused Europe to plunge into WWI in 1914?
Alliances between various countries after the murder of the heir to the throne of Austria Hungary in Sarajevo.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Kaiser Wilhelm II
11. What caused an officially neutral America to turn against the Central Powers?
They were against Kaiser’s arrogant autocracy and ruthless strike on neutral Belgium.
America Earns Blood Money
Know: Submarine, Lusitania, Arabic, Sussex
12. How did Germany's use of submarines lead to tense relations with the U.S.?
Berlin announced a submarine war area around the British Isles. Wilson warned Germany that it would be held to “strict accountability” for any attacks on American vessels or citizens.
Wilson Wins Reelection in 1916
Know: Charles Evans Hughes, "He Kept Us Out of War"
13. What were the keys to Wilson's electoral victory in 1916?
Midwesterners and westerners, attracted by Wilson’s progressive reforms and antiwar policies, flocked to the polls for the President. He received strong support from the working class and bull moosers.
Varying Viewpoints: Who Were the Progressives?
Know: Richard Hofstadter, New Left Historians
14. Which answer to the question above seems correct to you? Why?
I believe that Progressive leaders were middle-class people who were threatened from above by the emerging power of new corporate elites and from below by a restless working class that were losing jobs from the incoming immigrants.