Chapters 23-26 Study Guides
Chapter #23 Identifications
Thomas Nast
a cartoonist who depicted Boss Tweed for who he was His efforts would allow Tweed to be convicted.
Horace Greely
The Editor of the New York Tribune and nominated by Liberal Republicans and was even backed by Democrats
Roscoe Conkling
The Leader of the Stalwart Party.
James G. Blaine
The leader of the Half-Breeds
Samuel Tilden
nominated by the Democratic party and was the lawyer in the case with Boss Tweed
Charles J. Guiteau
Murderer of Garfield
Hard or Sound Money
Money given to a candidate to help a candidate’s campaign
Gilded Age
An era where corruption ran politics
Bloody-Shirt
The bloody shirt reminded everyone of Grant’s heroic war efforts
Tweed Ring
He displayed lack of ethics by employing bribery, graft, fraudulent elections. Ran political machines
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed a company, hiring themselves to build a government railroad at inflated prices. To prevent exposure, they bribed government officials
Whiskey Ring
This scandal robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues
Resumption Act
Passed to lower number of greenbacks in circulation and redeem paper money at face value
Crime of '73
embraced the gold standard making silver not of monetary value
Bland-Allison Act
act of congress requiring the Treasury to buy silver and put it into circulation
Half-Breed
A party that developed within the Republican Party and led by Blaine
Compromise of 1877
This was passed to deal with disputed states over who was president. Ended reconstruction
Civil Service Reform
refers to the reform of civil service, such as government positions
Pendleton Act
A Legislation that stipulated that government jobs were to be given based on exams or merit rather than political relations
"Billion Dollar" Congress
Congress under President Benjamin Harrison
Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt
1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?
He was not a good president. The reason he was elected as president was because he was a military hero. Therefore, obtaining much of the popular votes.
The Era of Good Stealings
Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden
2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.
This is referring to the corruption and the “skunks” that “polluted” politics.
A Carnival of Corruption
Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap
3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.
The Union Pacific Railroad hired their own company to build a railroad and charged the government at inflated prices. To prevent exposure, they bribed government officials. The Whiskey Ring also robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues.
The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872
Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley
4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?
Greeley was the editor of New York Tribune, and was thought of as brilliant. He was not experienced and was emotional, as well as unsound in his political judgments.
Depression and Demands for Inflation
Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act
5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?
People who wanted greenbacks and silver dollars were in debt and thought that inflation would help them pay off their debts. Creditors opposed this because that would mean that they did not make as much money.
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age
Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine
6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?
They disagreed on other issues such as temperament and religious values including prohibition and education.
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden
7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?
If the votes were counted by the Senate, a republican would win. If the votes were counted by the House, a Democrat would win.
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),
8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?
The Republicans abandoned their commitment to racial equality and African-Americans were left with their limited freedoms.
Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as “hostiles.” Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. .
Chapter #26.1 Identifications
Sitting Bull
Chief of Sioux Indians
George A. Custer
A former military general of Civil War, led campaign to take Indians back to reservations
Chief Joseph Chief of Sioux Indians
Sioux Wars
A series of battles between US and Sioux tribe
Ghost Dance
A dance made by the Indians in reservations
Dawes Severalty Act
This completely removed the identity of Native Americans, dissolves tribes
Battle of Wounded Knee
The last major battle between Sioux and US
Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions
The Clash of Cultures on the Plain
Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry
Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.
White intruders spread diseases and shot bison populations. The government signed treaties with chiefs but chiefs were not real authorities. Federal government herded the Indians into still smaller confines in the Great Sioux reservation.
Receding Native Americans
Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo
How was the West "won?"
The whites kept fighting and moving groups of Indians to reservations. Railroads shot an iron arrow through the heart of the West.
Bellowing Herds of Bison
Know: Buffalo Bill Cody
3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?
People were shooting the buffalo, furthermore, the carcasses were wasted, as the Americans were only shooting the buffalo for leisure benefits.
The End of the Trail
Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act
4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?
There were educational facilities on reservations and field matrons that came and taught women.
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators
5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?
Diggings petered out and left ghost towns in the desert. It helped finance the Civil War, facilate the building of railroads and intensified the conflict between whites and Indians.
Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?
People mined for gold and other expensive metals. When the towns are out of metals, people would desert the ghost town.
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok
7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?
Cattle could now be shipped to stockyards and under beef barons. It was the only escape for the stockmen and to avoid overproduction.
The Farmers’ Frontier
Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden
8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?
No. The land was rain-scarce and the Homestead Act was a fraud because the land that was given was bad for agriculture.
The Far West Comes of Age
Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone
9. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?
People poured in on lathered horses or careening vehicles to obtain federal government land.
The Fading Frontier
Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington
10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?
It was a state of mind and a symbol of opportunity. People believed that the frontier was a safety valve and that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west, took up farming and prospered.
Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age – Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nation’s economy would be built.
2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by “Social Darwinism” where the strong win in business.
3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the “little man’s” interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul.
4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective).
Chapter #24: Identifications
Government Subsidies
Financial assistance to a person or group for welfare reasons
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad that traversed the continent. Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Cornelius Vanderbilt
an American railroad tycoon
Jay Gould
leading American railroad developer and speculator
Interstate Commerce Commission
commission formed to regulate railroad commerce
Vertical Integration
term for when one owner owns the entire process to produce one common need
Horizontal Integration
term for when an owner acquires production outputs which are alike, reduces competition
Trusts
assets held for another party
J.P. Morgan
successful banker who bought out Carnegie
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
stopped trusts by eliminating anything that stops trade
Yellow Dog Contracts
agreements forced upon employees by rich powerful employers to not join labor unions
Blacklists
lists of agitators put on there by employers to circulate with other fellow employers
Haymarket Square incident
anarchists in Chicago bombed the city right after labor disorders broke out
Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
Know: Land grants
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?
Long-term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic was an advantage. A disadvantage was that railroads tied up more land because they were given so much land from the government to build the railroad on.
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford
2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.
Either the Pacific Coast or the Union Pacific built the railroads. Irishmen and Chinese built these railroads.
Binding the Country with Railroad Ties
Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill
3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.
Building railroads attracted populations and prosperity. Some money seekers failed, however, and with their downward spiral they dragged their investors with them.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars
4. What technological improvements helped railroads?
Using steel to build the tracks, air brakes, telegraph, double tracking, and block signal helped the railroads.
Revolution by Railways
Know: Time Zones
5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?
It promoted industries. Railroads took farmers out to their land, carried their crops, and brought them their manufactured goods. Settlements paralleled railroads. Time zones came about for railroad operators to keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools
6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?
“Stock watering”, which refers to the practice of making railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about assets and profitability and sold stocks far in excess of the actual value.
Government Bridles the Iron Horse
Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission
7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?
It was because it was not effective, but it was the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business
Miracles of Mechanization
Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison
8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?
The railroad network, massive immigration, natural resources, and various innovations allowed industrial expansion to happen.
The Trust Titan Emerges
Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate
9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?
They practiced vertical and horizontal integration, and interlocking directorates.
The Supremacy of Steel
Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process
10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?
America was producing as much steel as Britain and Germany combined. The Bessemer process allowed a method of making cheap steel. Steel was king and held together the new steel civilization form skyscrapers to coal scuttles, while providing it with food, shelter, and transportation.
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel
Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan
11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.
Andrew Carnegie was brought to America by his impoverished parents and made a small fortune by working hard. He accumulated capital and succeeded by picking high-class associates and by eliminating middle men. JP Morgan made a legendary reputation and his Wall Street banking house. He later bought out Carnegie’s business.
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose
Know: Kerosene
12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?
He became successful businessman at a very young age. He organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Rockefeller controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the country. He pinched off small competitors.
The Gospel of Wealth
Know: Social Darwinism
13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?
They believed that they were wealthy because they were chosen to be wealthy as if it was their Divine Right to be wealthy. They also believed that Social Darwinism gave them a right to be the richest because they were the most “fit”.
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
14.What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?
They tried to control the trusts through state legislation and by appealing to Congress.
The South in the Age of Industry
15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?
They remained rural and were unsuccessful at industrializing because of various barriers.
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.
The standard of living rose sharply, and well-fed American workers enjoyed more physical comforts than their counterparts in other industrial nations did. However, there arose class division.
In Unions There is Strength
Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town
17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
Employers could pool vast wealth through thousands of stockholders, retain high-priced layers, buy up the local press, and put pressure on the politicians. They could import strike-breakers and employ thugs to beat up labor organizers.
Labor Limps Along
Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor
18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.
They both included all workers in one big union; skilled and unskilled workers. The Knights barred nonproducers; lawyers, bankers, gamblers, liquor dealers.
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor
Know: Haymarket Square
19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
They were associated with anarchists in Chicago who killed several people with a dynamite.
The AF of L to the Fore
Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop
20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?
AFL was an association of self-governing nation unions.
Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly
21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?
They were revolutionary because they sought to overturn capitalism.
Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight
22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?
Although it is not common for people to go from rags to riches, it is not impossible for some to experience small improvements in their economic status.
Chapter #25: America Moves to the City – Big Picture Themes
1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities.
2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corruption, and “nativism” (anti-immigrant feelings).
3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects.
4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The “new woman” was idealized by the athletic, outgoing “Gibson Girl.”
Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley
an American social and political reformer
Mary Baker Eddy
founded the Church of Christ, Science
William James
Served 35 years on the Harvard faculty and wrote “Principles of Psychology”
Henry George
a writer who proposed the 100% tax idea
Horatio Alger
Known for his rags to riches stories
Mark Twain
The author of “Huckleberry Finn” and “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
Nativism
a sense of contempt for foreigners because of labor reasons
Philanthropy
Economic initiatives for the public good
Social Gospel
The idea that churches should get involved in social reform
Settlement House
Where people went to get food, clothes, education or help to find work
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Initiated by women to curb the drinking of men
Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition of alcohol
Chapter #25: Identifications
The Urban Frontier
Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements
1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?
Larger buildings and skyscrapers were being built. Americans were becoming commuters.
The New Immigration
2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
New immigrants were Italians , Croats, Slovaks, Greeks and Poles; many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues.
Southern Europe Uprooted
3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
Europe was becoming overcrowded. America seemed like the land of the free and Americans trumpeted throughout Europe the attractions of the new promised land.
Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron
4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?
They often kept chickens in vacant lots and raised vegetables in small garden plots. Italians worked as industrial laborers. Many young children were sent to work instead of school.
Reactions to the New Immigration
Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley
5. How did political bosses help immigrants?
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty
6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?
It was ironic that most immigrants were viewed upon as vile and were not welcomed even though the words on the Statue of Liberty says otherwise.
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA
7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
Urbanites participated in religious-affiliated organizations and events.
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
Religious community split into two camps, conservative and liberal.
The Lust for Learning
Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua
9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?
The concept of education as birthright of every citizen was now gaining impressive support. Normal schools opened for teachers. Chautauqua movement educated adults.
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People
Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP
10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Washington was acommodationist because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Du Bois assailed Washington who demanded complete equality for blacks.
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act
11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?
Morrill Act of 1862 gave generous grant of the bpublic lands to the states for support of education. The Hatch Act of 1886\7 provided funds for establishing agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.
The March of the Mind
Know: William James
12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.
Medical schools and medical science were prospering. Lious Pasteur and Joseph Lister left their imprint on America. William James served at Harvard through numerous writings.
The Appeal of the Press
Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism
13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
It was more important to write interesting stories than to write the truth.
Apostles of Reform
Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy
14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?
Godkin believed that they could reach leaders through journalism. and Henry George wrote ”Progress and Poverty”, proposing a 100% tax on profits. Bellamy published “Looking Backward” when the hero finds that he has woken in the year 200.
Postwar Writing
Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.
Literacy increased, thus dime novels increased. Literature was evolving and served to educate the common people.
Literary Landmarks
Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.
16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?
Authors turned to the coarse human comedy and drama of the world around them to find their subjects.
The New Morality
Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock
17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
Increased divorce rates.
Families and Women in the City
Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells
18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?
Women were growing more independent in the urban environment. Gilman published “Women and Economics”, and has called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community thorough productive involvement in the economy.
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton
19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?
Prohibition and/or temperance.
Artistic Triumphs
Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition
20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"
It is so named because the triumphs of American artists during this time.
The Business of Amusement
Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith
21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
Baseball, the circus, basketball, croquet, bicycling, and shopping and talking were forms of recreation that eventually became popular.
Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age – Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators—pass something that will get me reelected.
2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.
Chapter #23.2 Identifications
James A. Garfield
Nominated by the Republican party because he was from the swing state of Ohio
Chester A. Arthur
Succeeded Garfield after his assassination
Grover Cleveland
a lawyer and governor of New York who had a good reputation in office
Resumption Act
Passed to lower number of greenbacks in circulation and redeem paper money at face value
Crime of '73
The legislation that brought about the demonetizing of silver
Bland-Allison Act
The act that required a certain amount of silver be put into circulation
Half-Breed
A group of people in the Republican party that disagreed with the Stalwarts, led by Blaine
Mugwump
Republicans who abandoned their party to join the Democrats because of Blaine
Pendleton Act of 1833
The supposed Magna Carta of civil-service reform
Thomas B. Reed
An intimidating congressmen who counted as present Democrats who were not there
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The treasury was in surplus
Pension Act
Provided pensions for all veterans who served 90 days in the Union Army
Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions
The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South
Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson
1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513.
Lynching of Blacks became more common place starting in 1885 when discrimination against blacks grew increasingly oppressive. Lynching died down as civil rights activists spoke out.
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes
Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act
2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
The failure of the strike exposed the weakness of the labor movement.
Garfield and Arthur
Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883
3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?
The Pendleton Act led to more corrupted relations between business leaders and political leaders.
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884
Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion
4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.
Grover Cleveland had left his child and this daunted on his popularity. Blaine sent suspicious letters to a Boston businessman which looked like corruption, making him look dishonest and corrupted.
“Old Grover" Takes Over
5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."
He did not change his political stance even though he became president. He was true to his principles and beliefs.
Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff
6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?
Cleveland was against Treasury surplus and believed in small-government frugality.
The Billion Dollar Congress
Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers.
They had to buy overpriced products in America while selling their crops to unprotected world markets.
The Drumbeat of Discontent
Know: Populists
8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence.
The most revolutionary aspect of the platform was how it brought about the strengthening of Jim Crow laws and discrimination of blacks. Populist leaders reached out to the blacks and thus the Southerners responded.
Cleveland and Depression
Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act
9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil?
Cleveland could have gone to JP Morgan much earlier.
Cleveland Breeds a Backlash
Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff
10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the “forgettable presidents” a fair one? Explain.
It is fair because they did not do much to further the success of America.
Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism – Big Picture Themes
1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didn’t.
2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money.
3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops.
4. The farmers’ struggles led to the People’s (or Populist) Party. This party sought “cheap money” (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts.
Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden
Perfected the barbed wire, was then able to tame the West.
James B. Weaver
The candidate of the Greenback party and the Populists party
Oliver H. Kelly
Started the Grange
Mary Elizabeth Lease
Said farmers should raise “less corn and more hell”
Comstock Lode
Uncovered in Nevada and found to have fantastic amount of gold and silver
Long Drive Cowboys drove herds slowly over unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal.
Homestead Act
Act that gave farmers 160 acres of land to work on
Patrons of Husbandry
The Grange was started by Oliver Kelley, a national farmers’ organization
Granger Laws
Members of the Grange that sought to regulate the railroads through politics made these laws
Farmers' Alliance
Similar to the Grange, except did not include sharecroppers, tenant farmers, farm workers and blacks
Populists
Party formed for the Farmer’s Alliance
Jacob S. Coxey
General of Commonweal Army marched on Washington with scores of follower and many newspaper reporters
Williams Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate in 1896
Bimetallism
The use of silver and gold as currency
Free Silver
Advocating the free coinage of silver to inflate prices
Depression of 1893
Due to collapse of railroad buildings, caused by over speculation, over inflation, etc.
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech by William Jennings Bryan that made gold/silver issue the top issue in the election
Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions
The Farm Becomes a Factory
Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine
1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."
Agricultural modernization drove many marginal farmers off the land, thus swelling the ranks of the new industrial work force.
Deflation Dooms the Debtor
Know: Deflation
2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?
Food prices dropped and farmers were at the whim of world crop prices.
Unhappy Farmers
3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?
Farmers faced drought, heat, fires, floods and locusts. The government taxed the farmers heavily. Railroad rates were high.
The Farmers Take Their Stand
Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver
4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?
They set up co-ops so famers wouldn’t have to sell to one grain elevator and they tried to produce their own farm machinery. They also entered into politics.
Prelude to Populism
Know: The Farmers’ Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease
5. What steps did the Farmers’ Alliance believe would help farmers?
They wanted the coinage of silver.
Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike
Know: Coxey’s Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company
6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?
Attorney General Richard Olney called in federal troops to break up the strike saying that it was interfering with the transit of the US mail. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan
Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech
7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain.
He was safe, pro-tariff and was in the Civil War.
Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders
Know: Fourth Party System
8. “The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864.” Explain.
Gold was decided upon as economic base, it was a victory for business, conservatives and middle class, and it started 16 years of Republican presidents. Republican Standpattism Enthroned
Know: Dingley Tariff Bill
9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president?
He was safe in his decisions.
Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really “Won”? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner
10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain
When he mentions that the frontier experience molded both region and nation. People who moved out west would take their habits with them, thus affecting the environment. Being in the frontier, away from those in the East, allowed for the people to develop differently, thus changing the nation.
Thomas Nast
a cartoonist who depicted Boss Tweed for who he was His efforts would allow Tweed to be convicted.
Horace Greely
The Editor of the New York Tribune and nominated by Liberal Republicans and was even backed by Democrats
Roscoe Conkling
The Leader of the Stalwart Party.
James G. Blaine
The leader of the Half-Breeds
Samuel Tilden
nominated by the Democratic party and was the lawyer in the case with Boss Tweed
Charles J. Guiteau
Murderer of Garfield
Hard or Sound Money
Money given to a candidate to help a candidate’s campaign
Gilded Age
An era where corruption ran politics
Bloody-Shirt
The bloody shirt reminded everyone of Grant’s heroic war efforts
Tweed Ring
He displayed lack of ethics by employing bribery, graft, fraudulent elections. Ran political machines
Credit Mobilier Scandal
Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed a company, hiring themselves to build a government railroad at inflated prices. To prevent exposure, they bribed government officials
Whiskey Ring
This scandal robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues
Resumption Act
Passed to lower number of greenbacks in circulation and redeem paper money at face value
Crime of '73
embraced the gold standard making silver not of monetary value
Bland-Allison Act
act of congress requiring the Treasury to buy silver and put it into circulation
Half-Breed
A party that developed within the Republican Party and led by Blaine
Compromise of 1877
This was passed to deal with disputed states over who was president. Ended reconstruction
Civil Service Reform
refers to the reform of civil service, such as government positions
Pendleton Act
A Legislation that stipulated that government jobs were to be given based on exams or merit rather than political relations
"Billion Dollar" Congress
Congress under President Benjamin Harrison
Chapter #23.1 Guided Reading Questions The "Bloody Shirt" Elects Grant
Know: Ulysses S. Grant, Ohio Idea, Repudiation, Horatio Seymour, Bloody Shirt
1 Was General Grant good presidential material? Why did he win?
He was not a good president. The reason he was elected as president was because he was a military hero. Therefore, obtaining much of the popular votes.
The Era of Good Stealings
Know: Jim Fisk, Jay Gould, Black Friday, Boss Tweed, Graft, Thomas Nast, Samuel J. Tilden
2. "The Man in the Moon...had to hold his nose when passing over America." Explain.
This is referring to the corruption and the “skunks” that “polluted” politics.
A Carnival of Corruption
Know: Credit Mobilier, Whiskey Ring, William Belknap
3. Describe two major scandals that directly involved the Grant administration.
The Union Pacific Railroad hired their own company to build a railroad and charged the government at inflated prices. To prevent exposure, they bribed government officials. The Whiskey Ring also robbed the Treasury of millions in excise-tax revenues.
The Liberal Republican Revolt of 1872
Know: Liberal Republicans, Horace Greeley
4. Why did Liberal Republicans nominate Horace Greeley for the presidency in 1872? Why was he a less than ideal candidate?
Greeley was the editor of New York Tribune, and was thought of as brilliant. He was not experienced and was emotional, as well as unsound in his political judgments.
Depression and Demands for Inflation
Know: Panic of 1873, Greenbacks, Hard-money, Crime of '73, Contraction, Soft-money, Bland-Allison Act
5. Why did some people want greenbacks and silver dollars? Why did others oppose these kinds of currency?
People who wanted greenbacks and silver dollars were in debt and thought that inflation would help them pay off their debts. Creditors opposed this because that would mean that they did not make as much money.
Pallid Politics in the Gilded Age
Know: Gilded Age, Grand Army of the Republic, Stalwarts, Roscoe Conkling, Half-Breeds, James G. Blaine
6. Why was there such fierce competition between Democrats and Republicans in the Gilded Age if the parties agreed on most economic issues?
They disagreed on other issues such as temperament and religious values including prohibition and education.
The Hayes-Tilden Standoff, 1876
Know: Rutherford B. Hayes, Samuel J. Tilden
7. Why were the results of the 1876 election in doubt?
If the votes were counted by the Senate, a republican would win. If the votes were counted by the House, a Democrat would win.
The Compromise of 1877 and the End of Reconstruction
Know: Compromise of 1877, Electoral Count Act, David Davis, Civil Rights Cases (1883),
8. How did the end of Reconstruction affect African-Americans?
The Republicans abandoned their commitment to racial equality and African-Americans were left with their limited freedoms.
Chapter #26.1 The Great West Big Picture Themes 1. Native Americans out West faced two options: agree to settle on a reservation or fight the U.S. Army as “hostiles.” Some chose reservations, others to fight, but all were cleared out. .
Chapter #26.1 Identifications
Sitting Bull
Chief of Sioux Indians
George A. Custer
A former military general of Civil War, led campaign to take Indians back to reservations
Chief Joseph Chief of Sioux Indians
Sioux Wars
A series of battles between US and Sioux tribe
Ghost Dance
A dance made by the Indians in reservations
Dawes Severalty Act
This completely removed the identity of Native Americans, dissolves tribes
Battle of Wounded Knee
The last major battle between Sioux and US
Chapter # 26.1 Guided Reading Questions
The Clash of Cultures on the Plain
Know: Indian Territory, Sioux, Great Sioux Reservation, Tenth Cavalry
Describe the effect of westward expansion on Native Americans.
White intruders spread diseases and shot bison populations. The government signed treaties with chiefs but chiefs were not real authorities. Federal government herded the Indians into still smaller confines in the Great Sioux reservation.
Receding Native Americans
Know: George Armstrong Custer, Bozeman Trail, Sitting Bull, Battle of Little Big Horn, Chief Joseph, Geronimo
How was the West "won?"
The whites kept fighting and moving groups of Indians to reservations. Railroads shot an iron arrow through the heart of the West.
Bellowing Herds of Bison
Know: Buffalo Bill Cody
3. How were the Buffalo reduced from 15 million to less than a thousand?
People were shooting the buffalo, furthermore, the carcasses were wasted, as the Americans were only shooting the buffalo for leisure benefits.
The End of the Trail
Know: Helen Hunt Jackson, Ghost Dance, Battle of Wounded Knee, Dawes Act, Carlisle Indian School, Indian Reorganization Act
4. What did the government do to try to assimilate Native Americans?
There were educational facilities on reservations and field matrons that came and taught women.
Mining: From Dishpan to Ore Breaker
Know: Pike's Peak, Comstock Lode, Silver Senators
5.. How did the discovery of precious metals affect the American West?
Diggings petered out and left ghost towns in the desert. It helped finance the Civil War, facilate the building of railroads and intensified the conflict between whites and Indians.
Makers of America: The Plains Indians 6. How was the cu1lture of the Plains Indians shaped by white people?
People mined for gold and other expensive metals. When the towns are out of metals, people would desert the ghost town.
Beef Bonanzas and the Long Drive
Know: Long Drive, Wild Bill Hickok
7. Why was cattle ranching so profitable in the 1870's?
Cattle could now be shipped to stockyards and under beef barons. It was the only escape for the stockmen and to avoid overproduction.
The Farmers’ Frontier
Know: Homestead Act, Great American Desert, John Wesley Powell, Joseph F. Glidden
8. Did the Homestead Act live up to its purpose of giving small farmers a descent life on the plains?
No. The land was rain-scarce and the Homestead Act was a fraud because the land that was given was bad for agriculture.
The Far West Comes of Age
Know: Boomers, Sooners, 1890, Frederick Jackson Turner, Yellowstone
9. What were some milestones in the “closing” of the West?
People poured in on lathered horses or careening vehicles to obtain federal government land.
The Fading Frontier
Know: Francis Parkman, George Catlin, Frederic Remington
10. What effects has the frontier had on the development of the United States?
It was a state of mind and a symbol of opportunity. People believed that the frontier was a safety valve and that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements merely moved west, took up farming and prospered.
Chapter #24: Industry Comes of Age – Big Picture Themes 1. Before the Civil War, railroads had become important. After the war, railroads boomed and were critical to the nation. Railroads, along with steel, were to be the skeleton on which the nation’s economy would be built.
2. A class of millionaires emerged for the first time ever. Tycoons like Carnegie and Rockefeller made fortunes. This type of wealth was championed by “Social Darwinism” where the strong win in business.
3. Unfortunately, many of the mega-industries, like railroads, grew at the expense of the “little man’s” interest. As businesses, they were out to make money, and they did. But the working man cried foul.
4. To right these wrongs, the beginnings of anti-trusts began (to bust the monopolies) and organized labor got a jumpstart (although they were still rather ineffective).
Chapter #24: Identifications
Government Subsidies
Financial assistance to a person or group for welfare reasons
Transcontinental Railroad
railroad that traversed the continent. Union Pacific and Central Pacific
Cornelius Vanderbilt
an American railroad tycoon
Jay Gould
leading American railroad developer and speculator
Interstate Commerce Commission
commission formed to regulate railroad commerce
Vertical Integration
term for when one owner owns the entire process to produce one common need
Horizontal Integration
term for when an owner acquires production outputs which are alike, reduces competition
Trusts
assets held for another party
J.P. Morgan
successful banker who bought out Carnegie
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
stopped trusts by eliminating anything that stops trade
Yellow Dog Contracts
agreements forced upon employees by rich powerful employers to not join labor unions
Blacklists
lists of agitators put on there by employers to circulate with other fellow employers
Haymarket Square incident
anarchists in Chicago bombed the city right after labor disorders broke out
Chapter #24 Guided Reading Questions
The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse
Know: Land grants
1. What were the advantages and disadvantages of government subsidies for the railroads?
Long-term preferential rates for postal service and military traffic was an advantage. A disadvantage was that railroads tied up more land because they were given so much land from the government to build the railroad on.
Spanning the Continent with Rails
Know: Union Pacific, Central Pacific, Paddies, Leland Stanford
2. Describe how the first transcontinental railroad was built.
Either the Pacific Coast or the Union Pacific built the railroads. Irishmen and Chinese built these railroads.
Binding the Country with Railroad Ties
Know: The Great Northern, James J. Hill
3. Explain how the railroads could help or hurt Americans.
Building railroads attracted populations and prosperity. Some money seekers failed, however, and with their downward spiral they dragged their investors with them.
Railroad Consolidation and Mechanization
Know: Cornelius Vanderbilt, Pullman Cars
4. What technological improvements helped railroads?
Using steel to build the tracks, air brakes, telegraph, double tracking, and block signal helped the railroads.
Revolution by Railways
Know: Time Zones
5. What effects did the railroads have on America as a whole?
It promoted industries. Railroads took farmers out to their land, carried their crops, and brought them their manufactured goods. Settlements paralleled railroads. Time zones came about for railroad operators to keep schedules and avoid wrecks.
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Know: Jay Gould, Stock Watering, Pools
6. What wrongdoing were railroads guilty of?
“Stock watering”, which refers to the practice of making railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about assets and profitability and sold stocks far in excess of the actual value.
Government Bridles the Iron Horse
Know: Wabash, Interstate Commerce Commission
7. Was the Interstate Commerce Act an important piece of legislation?
It was because it was not effective, but it was the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business
Miracles of Mechanization
Know: Mesabi Range, Alexander Graham Bell, Thomas Edison
8. What factors made industrial expansion possible?
The railroad network, massive immigration, natural resources, and various innovations allowed industrial expansion to happen.
The Trust Titan Emerges
Know: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, J.P. Morgan, Vertical Integration, Horizontal Integration, Trust, Interlocking Directorate
9. How did businesses organize to try to maximize profits?
They practiced vertical and horizontal integration, and interlocking directorates.
The Supremacy of Steel
Know: Heavy Industry, Capital Goods, Consumer Goods, Bessemer Process
10. Why was steel so important for industrialization?
America was producing as much steel as Britain and Germany combined. The Bessemer process allowed a method of making cheap steel. Steel was king and held together the new steel civilization form skyscrapers to coal scuttles, while providing it with food, shelter, and transportation.
Carnegie and Other Sultans of Steel
Know: Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan
11. Briefly describe the careers of Andrew Carnegie and J.P. Morgan.
Andrew Carnegie was brought to America by his impoverished parents and made a small fortune by working hard. He accumulated capital and succeeded by picking high-class associates and by eliminating middle men. JP Morgan made a legendary reputation and his Wall Street banking house. He later bought out Carnegie’s business.
Rockefeller Grows an American Beauty Rose
Know: Kerosene
12. How was John D. Rockefeller able to become so wealthy?
He became successful businessman at a very young age. He organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio. Rockefeller controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the country. He pinched off small competitors.
The Gospel of Wealth
Know: Social Darwinism
13. How did the wealthy justify their wealth?
They believed that they were wealthy because they were chosen to be wealthy as if it was their Divine Right to be wealthy. They also believed that Social Darwinism gave them a right to be the richest because they were the most “fit”.
Government Tackles the Trust Evil
Know: Sherman Anti-Trust Act
14.What two methods were tried by those who opposed the trusts?
They tried to control the trusts through state legislation and by appealing to Congress.
The South in the Age of Industry
15. How successful were Southerners at industrializing?
They remained rural and were unsuccessful at industrializing because of various barriers.
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
16. Describe the positive and negative effects of the industrial revolution on working Americans.
The standard of living rose sharply, and well-fed American workers enjoyed more physical comforts than their counterparts in other industrial nations did. However, there arose class division.
In Unions There is Strength
Know: Scabs, Lock-out, Yellow-dog Contract, Black List, Company Town
17. What conditions existed in America that led Jay Gould to say, "I can hire one half of the working class to kill the other half"?
Employers could pool vast wealth through thousands of stockholders, retain high-priced layers, buy up the local press, and put pressure on the politicians. They could import strike-breakers and employ thugs to beat up labor organizers.
Labor Limps Along
Know: National Labor Union, Knights of Labor
18. Explain the similarities and differences between the National Labor Union and the Knights of Labor.
They both included all workers in one big union; skilled and unskilled workers. The Knights barred nonproducers; lawyers, bankers, gamblers, liquor dealers.
Unhorsing the Knights of Labor
Know: Haymarket Square
19. What factors led to the decline of the Knights of Labor?
They were associated with anarchists in Chicago who killed several people with a dynamite.
The AF of L to the Fore
Know: American Federation of Labor, Samuel Gompers, Closed Shop
20. How was the AFL different from previous unions?
AFL was an association of self-governing nation unions.
Makers of America: The Knights of Labor Know: Mother Jones, Terence Powderly
21. Were the Knights conservative or revolutionary in their ideas?
They were revolutionary because they sought to overturn capitalism.
Varying Viewpoints: Industrialization: Boon or Blight
22. To what degree is it possible for common people to improve their status in industrial America?
Although it is not common for people to go from rags to riches, it is not impossible for some to experience small improvements in their economic status.
Chapter #25: America Moves to the City – Big Picture Themes
1. Cities grew because factories grew. The Industrial Revolution kicked into gear in America in the late 1800s and factories needed workers, so people flocked to the cities.
2. Problems arose as cities boomed. The problems included: exploitation of immigrant laborers, poor/unhealthy work conditions, over-crowdedness and sanitation problems, corruption, and “nativism” (anti-immigrant feelings).
3. Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois were the top black leaders. They disagreed on how to help blacks—Washington encouraged blacks to obtain a practical skill at a trade school, DuBois encouraged blacks to study anything they wished, even academic subjects.
4. The roles of women began to change, if only slightly. More women worked, though most were still at home. The “new woman” was idealized by the athletic, outgoing “Gibson Girl.”
Chapter #25 Identifications Florence Kelley
an American social and political reformer
Mary Baker Eddy
founded the Church of Christ, Science
William James
Served 35 years on the Harvard faculty and wrote “Principles of Psychology”
Henry George
a writer who proposed the 100% tax idea
Horatio Alger
Known for his rags to riches stories
Mark Twain
The author of “Huckleberry Finn” and “Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
Nativism
a sense of contempt for foreigners because of labor reasons
Philanthropy
Economic initiatives for the public good
Social Gospel
The idea that churches should get involved in social reform
Settlement House
Where people went to get food, clothes, education or help to find work
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Initiated by women to curb the drinking of men
Eighteenth Amendment
Prohibition of alcohol
Chapter #25: Identifications
The Urban Frontier
Know: Louis Sullivan, Walking Cities, Department Stores, Tenements
1. What factors led to the growth of cities in the second half of the 1800's?
Larger buildings and skyscrapers were being built. Americans were becoming commuters.
The New Immigration
2. How were the new immigrants different from the old immigrants?
New immigrants were Italians , Croats, Slovaks, Greeks and Poles; many of them worshiped in orthodox churches or synagogues.
Southern Europe Uprooted
3. Why did the new immigrants come to America in such large numbers?
Europe was becoming overcrowded. America seemed like the land of the free and Americans trumpeted throughout Europe the attractions of the new promised land.
Makers of America: The Italians Know: Birds of Passage, padron
4. How did Italian immigrants live their lives in America?
They often kept chickens in vacant lots and raised vegetables in small garden plots. Italians worked as industrial laborers. Many young children were sent to work instead of school.
Reactions to the New Immigration
Know: Political Bosses, Social Gospel, Jane Addams, Hull House, Settlement houses, Lillian Wald, Florence Kelley
5. How did political bosses help immigrants?
Narrowing the Welcome Mat
Know: Nativists, Anglo-Saxon, American Protective Association, Statue of Liberty
6. In 1886, what was ironic about the words inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty?
It was ironic that most immigrants were viewed upon as vile and were not welcomed even though the words on the Statue of Liberty says otherwise.
Churches Confront the Urban Challenge
Know: Dwight Lyman Moody, Cardinal Gibbons, Salvation Army, Mary Baker Eddy, YMCA
7. What role did religion play in helping the urban poor?
Urbanites participated in religious-affiliated organizations and events.
Darwin Disrupts the Churches
Know: Charles Darwin, Origin of the Species, Fundamentalists, Modernists, Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll,
8. What effect did the theory of evolution have on Christian churches?
Religious community split into two camps, conservative and liberal.
The Lust for Learning
Know: Normal Schools, Kindergarten, Chautauqua
9 What advances took place in education in the years following the Civil War?
The concept of education as birthright of every citizen was now gaining impressive support. Normal schools opened for teachers. Chautauqua movement educated adults.
Booker T. Washington and Education for Black People
Know: Booker T. Washington, Tuskegee Institute, Accomodationist, George Washington Carver, W.E.B. Du Bois, NAACP
10. Explain the differences in belief between Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Washington was acommodationist because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy. Du Bois assailed Washington who demanded complete equality for blacks.
The Hallowed Halls of Ivy
Know: Vassar, Howard, Morrill Act, Land Grant Colleges, Hatch Act
11. What factors allowed the number of college students to dramatically increase?
Morrill Act of 1862 gave generous grant of the bpublic lands to the states for support of education. The Hatch Act of 1886\7 provided funds for establishing agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges.
The March of the Mind
Know: William James
12. Describe some of the intellectual achievements of the late 1800’s.
Medical schools and medical science were prospering. Lious Pasteur and Joseph Lister left their imprint on America. William James served at Harvard through numerous writings.
The Appeal of the Press
Know: Joseph Pulitzer, William Randolph Hearst, Yellow Journalism
13. How did the ability to produce newspapers inexpensively change their content?
It was more important to write interesting stories than to write the truth.
Apostles of Reform
Know: Edwin L. Godkin, Henry George, Edward Bellamy
14. How did writers in the 1870's and 1880's try to address the problems of their time?
Godkin believed that they could reach leaders through journalism. and Henry George wrote ”Progress and Poverty”, proposing a 100% tax on profits. Bellamy published “Looking Backward” when the hero finds that he has woken in the year 200.
Postwar Writing
Know: Dime novels, Horatio Alger, Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson
15. Did the trends in writing after the Civil War make it a good period for literature? Explain.
Literacy increased, thus dime novels increased. Literature was evolving and served to educate the common people.
Literary Landmarks
Know: Kate Chopin, Mark Twain, Bret Harte, William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, Henry James, Jack London, Frank Norris, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Charles W. Chestnut, Theodore Dreiser.
16 What did many writers in the late 1800's have in common?
Authors turned to the coarse human comedy and drama of the world around them to find their subjects.
The New Morality
Know: Victoria Woodhull, Anthony Comstock
17. What evidence demonstrated a battle raging over sexual morality?
Increased divorce rates.
Families and Women in the City
Know: Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Carrie Chapman Catt, National Women Suffrage Association, Ida B. Wells
18. What changes were occurring in the women's rights movement?
Women were growing more independent in the urban environment. Gilman published “Women and Economics”, and has called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community thorough productive involvement in the economy.
Prohibition of Alcohol and Social Progress
Know: Women's Christian Temperance Union, Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League, 18th Amendment, Clara Barton
19. What social causes were women (and many men) involved in the late 1800's?
Prohibition and/or temperance.
Artistic Triumphs
Know: James Whistler, John Singer Sargent, Mary Cassatt, George Inness, Thomas Eakins, Winslow Homer, Augustus Saint-Gaudens, Metropolitan Opera House, Henry H. Richardson, Columbian Exposition
20. Why is this section titled "artistic triumphs?"
It is so named because the triumphs of American artists during this time.
The Business of Amusement
Know: Vaudeville, P.T. Barnum, Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, James Naismith
21. What forms of recreation became popular from 1870 to 1900?
Baseball, the circus, basketball, croquet, bicycling, and shopping and talking were forms of recreation that eventually became popular.
Chapter #23.2 Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age – Big Picture Themes 1. The government did reach the billion dollar level for the first time. This was largely due to military pension plans. The plans were very popular and revealed the goal of the legislators—pass something that will get me reelected.
2. Populism started. This was a farmer and worker movement that sought to clean up the government, bring it back to the people, and help the working man out.
Chapter #23.2 Identifications
James A. Garfield
Nominated by the Republican party because he was from the swing state of Ohio
Chester A. Arthur
Succeeded Garfield after his assassination
Grover Cleveland
a lawyer and governor of New York who had a good reputation in office
Resumption Act
Passed to lower number of greenbacks in circulation and redeem paper money at face value
Crime of '73
The legislation that brought about the demonetizing of silver
Bland-Allison Act
The act that required a certain amount of silver be put into circulation
Half-Breed
A group of people in the Republican party that disagreed with the Stalwarts, led by Blaine
Mugwump
Republicans who abandoned their party to join the Democrats because of Blaine
Pendleton Act of 1833
The supposed Magna Carta of civil-service reform
Thomas B. Reed
An intimidating congressmen who counted as present Democrats who were not there
"Billion Dollar" Congress
The treasury was in surplus
Pension Act
Provided pensions for all veterans who served 90 days in the Union Army
Chapter #23.2 Guided Reading Questions
The Birth of Jim Crow in the Post-Reconstruction South
Know: Redeemers, sharecropping, tenant farming, Jim Crow laws, Plessy v. Ferguson
1. Analyze the data in the lynching chart on page 513.
Lynching of Blacks became more common place starting in 1885 when discrimination against blacks grew increasingly oppressive. Lynching died down as civil rights activists spoke out.
Class Conflicts and Ethnic Clashes
Know: Great Railroad Strike of 1877, Denis Kearney, Coolies, Chinese Exclusion Act
2. What was the significance of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877?
The failure of the strike exposed the weakness of the labor movement.
Garfield and Arthur
Know: James A. Garfield, Charles J. Guiteau, Chester A. Arthur, Pendleton Act of 1883
3. What new type of corruption resulted from the Pendleton Act?
The Pendleton Act led to more corrupted relations between business leaders and political leaders.
The Blaine-Cleveland Mudslingers of 1884
Know: James G. Blaine, Tattooed man, Mugwumps, Grover Cleveland, Ma, ma where's my pa?, Rum, Romanism and Rebellion
4. Explain how character played a part in the presidential election of 1884.
Grover Cleveland had left his child and this daunted on his popularity. Blaine sent suspicious letters to a Boston businessman which looked like corruption, making him look dishonest and corrupted.
“Old Grover" Takes Over
5. Assess the following statement: "As president, Grover Cleveland governed as his previous record as governor indicated he would."
He did not change his political stance even though he became president. He was true to his principles and beliefs.
Cleveland Battles for a Lower Tariff
6. What were the reasons behind Cleveland's stance in favor of lower tariffs?
Cleveland was against Treasury surplus and believed in small-government frugality.
The Billion Dollar Congress
Know: Thomas Reed, Civil War pensions, McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
7. Explain why the tariff was detrimental to American farmers.
They had to buy overpriced products in America while selling their crops to unprotected world markets.
The Drumbeat of Discontent
Know: Populists
8. What was the most revolutionary aspect of the Populist platform? Defend your answer with evidence.
The most revolutionary aspect of the platform was how it brought about the strengthening of Jim Crow laws and discrimination of blacks. Populist leaders reached out to the blacks and thus the Southerners responded.
Cleveland and Depression
Know: Grover Cleveland, Depression or 1893, William Jennings Bryan, Sherman Silver Purchase Act
9. What could Cleveland have done to lessen the impact of the financial turmoil?
Cleveland could have gone to JP Morgan much earlier.
Cleveland Breeds a Backlash
Know: Wilson Gorman Tariff
10. Is the characterization of the Gilded Age presidents as the “forgettable presidents” a fair one? Explain.
It is fair because they did not do much to further the success of America.
Chapter #26.2 Agricultural Revolution and Populism – Big Picture Themes
1. Miners looking for silver and/or gold fled to Colorado and Nevada seeking quick fortune. A few found it, the vast majority didn’t.
2. Cattle became king in Texas as cowboys drove herds north to the Kansas railroads and reaped quick money.
3. Farmers struggled out west due to several problems: weather, insects, high mortgage rates, high railroad shipping rates, and low prices for their crops.
4. The farmers’ struggles led to the People’s (or Populist) Party. This party sought “cheap money” (or silver money) in order to create inflation and thus make it easier to pay off debts.
Chapter #26:2 Identifications Joseph F. Glidden
Perfected the barbed wire, was then able to tame the West.
James B. Weaver
The candidate of the Greenback party and the Populists party
Oliver H. Kelly
Started the Grange
Mary Elizabeth Lease
Said farmers should raise “less corn and more hell”
Comstock Lode
Uncovered in Nevada and found to have fantastic amount of gold and silver
Long Drive Cowboys drove herds slowly over unfenced and unpeopled plains until they reached a railroad terminal.
Homestead Act
Act that gave farmers 160 acres of land to work on
Patrons of Husbandry
The Grange was started by Oliver Kelley, a national farmers’ organization
Granger Laws
Members of the Grange that sought to regulate the railroads through politics made these laws
Farmers' Alliance
Similar to the Grange, except did not include sharecroppers, tenant farmers, farm workers and blacks
Populists
Party formed for the Farmer’s Alliance
Jacob S. Coxey
General of Commonweal Army marched on Washington with scores of follower and many newspaper reporters
Williams Jennings Bryan
Democratic candidate in 1896
Bimetallism
The use of silver and gold as currency
Free Silver
Advocating the free coinage of silver to inflate prices
Depression of 1893
Due to collapse of railroad buildings, caused by over speculation, over inflation, etc.
Cross of Gold Speech
Speech by William Jennings Bryan that made gold/silver issue the top issue in the election
Chapter #26.2 Guided Reading Questions
The Farm Becomes a Factory
Know: Montgomery Ward, Combine
1. Explain the statement, "The amazing mechanization of agriculture in the postwar years was almost as striking as the mechanization of industry."
Agricultural modernization drove many marginal farmers off the land, thus swelling the ranks of the new industrial work force.
Deflation Dooms the Debtor
Know: Deflation
2. What problems faced farmers in the closing decades of the 19th century?
Food prices dropped and farmers were at the whim of world crop prices.
Unhappy Farmers
3. How did nature, government, and business all harm farmers?
Farmers faced drought, heat, fires, floods and locusts. The government taxed the farmers heavily. Railroad rates were high.
The Farmers Take Their Stand
Know: The Grange, Cooperatives, Greenback-Labor Party, James B. Weaver
4. How did the Grange attempt to help farmers?
They set up co-ops so famers wouldn’t have to sell to one grain elevator and they tried to produce their own farm machinery. They also entered into politics.
Prelude to Populism
Know: The Farmers’ Alliance, Mary Elizabeth Lease
5. What steps did the Farmers’ Alliance believe would help farmers?
They wanted the coinage of silver.
Coxey’s Army and the Pullman Strike
Know: Coxey’s Army, Eugene V. Debs, Pullman Palace Car Company
6. Why did President Cleveland send in federal troops during the Pullman Strike?
Attorney General Richard Olney called in federal troops to break up the strike saying that it was interfering with the transit of the US mail. Golden McKinley and Sliver Bryan
Know: Mark Hannah, William McKinley, William Jennings Bryan, Cross of Gold speech
7 Was William McKinley a strong presidential candidate? Explain.
He was safe, pro-tariff and was in the Civil War.
Class Conflict: Plowholders versus Bondholders
Know: Fourth Party System
8. “The free-silver election of 1896 was probably the most significant since Lincoln’s victories in 1860 and 1864.” Explain.
Gold was decided upon as economic base, it was a victory for business, conservatives and middle class, and it started 16 years of Republican presidents. Republican Standpattism Enthroned
Know: Dingley Tariff Bill
9. Did McKinley possess the characteristics necessary to be an effective president?
He was safe in his decisions.
Varying Viewpoints: Was the West Really “Won”? Know: Frederick Jackson Turner
10. Which criticism of the Turner Thesis seems most valid? Explain
When he mentions that the frontier experience molded both region and nation. People who moved out west would take their habits with them, thus affecting the environment. Being in the frontier, away from those in the East, allowed for the people to develop differently, thus changing the nation.